Virtual Museum

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Virtual Museum

• Tyler Whitehead
• Thomas DAndrea

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Chapter 10- Was the Civil War Avoidable?

• The Civil War 1861-1865 was a time when
  disagreements between North and South led to the
  ultimate war between the two.
• With better leaders and stronger National
  Government it is believed that the Civil War was
  a war that had never needed to be fought.
• Slavery was definitely one of the greater factors
  for the disagreements, but southerners still
  claim the reason for the war was the argument of
  states rights.

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Chapter 10- The Affect of Uncle Toms Cabin

• Harriet Beecher Stowe had Uncle Toms Cabin
  published in 1852, instantly became a bestseller
  and very popular among the people.
• Although it happened to be fiction, it had an
  equivalent impact to Tom Paines Common Sense.
• So this is the little lady who started this big
  war? Abraham Lincoln
• Northerners were convinced that slavery would
  ruin the United States.

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Chapter 10-Difference Between North and South

• Each year North became more and more
  industrialized than the South. The North
  population was more than two times the size of
  the south.
• New technology in the North greatly affected the
  difference between the North and the South.
• With 70 of Railroad tracks in the North it was
  easy to tell who had the advantage.
• Telegraphs were the advanced technology of
  communications by using a code of sort or long
  electrical pulses.

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Chapter 10-Texas Annexation

• In 1836 Texas finally won independence from
  Mexico and voted to be annexed, or to join
  America.
• Southerners and Democrats supported the idea of
  annexation. The idea of wanting another slave
  state and that could look to the bright side of
  getting another slave state by the Texas
  Territory.
• Although lots of Northerners and Whigs opposed
  it. Thinking that the addition of even one slave
  state would in turn shift the balance to the
  South.
• Many feared that the annexation would lead to war
  with Mexico.

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Chapter 10-The Mexican-American War

• In March 1845, one month after Congress approved
  annexation of Texas, Mexico broke relations with
  the United States.
• This lead to the first steps of war by the
  Mexican Government.
• While John C. Fremont and Kearny were securing
  Mexicos northern territories, General Taylor had
  taken the war into Mexico.
• Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo- Mexico gave up its
  claim to Texas and recognized the Rio Grande as
  the southern border of Texas.
• Mexico gave New Mexico and California, which
  together made up more than two fifths of its
  territory, to the United States.
• The United States paid Mexico 15 million.
• The United States agreed to pay claims made by
  American citizens against Mexico, which would
  amount to more than 3 million.
• Mexican War is less known as the other wars
  America has fought, the Victory had its effects,
  (established continental United States as we know
  them now).

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Chapter 10-Wilmont Proviso

• David Wilmont Democrat from Pennsylvania attached
  a proviso or amendment to the Bill know as the
  Wilmont Proviso.
• The Wilmont Proviso stated that as an express
  and fundamental condition of the acquisition of
  any territory from the Republic of Mexico neither
  slavery nor involuntary servitude shall ever
  exist on any part of said territory.
• If the Amendment was passed it said that
  California and New Mexico was closed to slavery.
  It did not pass but northerners continued to
  attach it to bills.
• It never became a law it continued to show the
  large gap between north and south.

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Chapter 10- Effects of the Missouri Compromise

• Congress had made an attempt to ask whether or
  not to extend slavery in the territories with the
  Missouri Compromise of 1820.
• It said that states being started from lands
  North of 36 degrees 30 N latitude would be free
  states.
• It brought up debates from south and north.
• Angered by their parties for not making a stand
  on slavery, some members from both parties who
  opposed slavery in the territories split off and
  formed the Free Soil Party.
• They didnt take any states in the election but
  were happy to take away votes.

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Chapter 10-Compromise of 1850

• Territorial slavery was a large issue among
  Americans.
• Henry Clay had a plan for a compromise over
  slavery would be known as Compromise of 1850.
• Clay proposed five separate laws, some of which
  favored the North and some of which favored the
  South
• 1) Congress would admit California as a free
  state.
• 2) The people of the territories of New Mexico
  and Utah would decide for themselves whether
  slavery would be legal
• 3)Congress would abolish the sale of slaves, but
  not slavery, in Washington, D.C.
• 4)Texas would give up claims to New Mexico for
  10 million.
• 5) Fugitive Slave Act would order all citizens of
  the United States to assist in the return of
  enslaved people who had escaped from their
  owners. It would also deny a jury trial to
  escaped slaves.

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Chapter 10- Decline of Whigs

• The Whig party never won another presidential
  contest. In fact it pretty much disappeared by
  1850s.
• The issue on slavery had badly hurt the Whig
  Party.
• Another reason for the fade of the Whigs was
  because of old issues that divided political
  parties in the 1830s had been resolved.
• Many believed the time had come for a new
  generation of leaders to come forward. Those who
  rose to power in the 1850s would have to face the
  new issues dividing the nation.

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Chapter 11- Battle of Bull Run

• General Irvin McDowell, commander of the Union
  troops, was not yet ready to fight at the Battle
  of Bull Run.
• Irvin believed they were not ready to fight
  although they had troops that volunteered for 90
  days and their term was almost over.
• On July 16 they marched along Bull Run stopping
  frequently for berries and water.
• On July 21 the General finally attacked.
• This was the first major battle.
• About 35,000 troops were involved on each side
  and the Union suffered 2,900 casualties,
  confederates lost less than 2,000.

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Chapter 11-North and South preparation for war
Strengths

• Bull Run showed everyone winning the war wouldnt
  be easy and fighting hard would be the key to the
  win.
• Congress quickly passed Lincolns request for a
  million volunteers for three year terms.
• The North had many strengths, they were much
  better prepared for war with twice the number of
  railroads in the south, food troops and supplies
  would quickly be moved giving northerners the
  upper hand in war.
• North had a better balanced economy army and
  navy. Most important thing that the North had the
  South didnt, 2/3 of the population lived in the
  North.
• The North would be able to fight and know that
  they could loose because they had so many men
  that would fight for Union troops with people to
  still work and maintain jobs and farming so the
  North would not completely fail.
• Confederates were just going to try to maintain a
  defensive position and keep from being beaten.
• They were also fighting to keep their way of life
  and their right to self government.

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Chapter 11-The Strategies of North and the South

• After fall of Fort Sumter, President Lincoln
  order a naval blockade of the seceded states.
  This would seize their distributaries of cotton
  which was one of the products the south relied on
  most.
• The Souths basic war plan was to prepare and
  wait. They thought Lincoln would just go in peace
  and not deal with war.
• In other words it was called war of attrition-
  one side inflicts continuous losses on the enemy
  in order to wear down its strength.
• They counted on their forces being able to turn
  back Union attacks until Northerners lost the
  want to fight anymore.
• Because the south produced about 75 of the
  worlds cotton, which was needed for textile
  mills in Britain and France. Therefore these
  nations turned to India for cotton.
• Because the Blockade had been so effective the
  south had no money to buy guns and supplies and
  after the war was over south had trouble getting
  back into the trade with these nations.

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Chapter 11- technologies, weapons, and warships

• The way war used to be fought was by focusing on
  a position and trying to drive them away using
  cannons and muskets, which were rarely on target
  so they usually relied on charging forces.
• The Generals in the Civil War had seen these
  methods work well in the Mexican War.
• Shells-were devices thrown and would explode in
  the air and killed
• Canisters- a special type of shell filled with
  bullets and this turned cannons into giant
  shotguns.
• Many soldiers were ordered to run across fields
  cause more easily killings.

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Chapter 11- Politics in the North and South

• The South had to deal with the politics of a
  costly war, which they suffered.
• The branches and powers of the Confederate
  government were similar to those of the
  government of the United States.
• They clearly recognized states rights and slavery
  (two of the main reasons for secession)
• President Lincoln and his government had to
  convince some Northern Citizens that maintaining
  the Union was worth the sacrifices they were
  being asked to make.
• The federal government found itself facing
  international crises as it worked to strengthen
  civilian support for war.

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Chapter 11- Copperheads

• War a political group to voice their opinions
  named after a type of snake that strikes silently
  unlike a rattle snake.
• These democrats warned that Republican policies
  would bring a flood of freed slaves to the
  North.
• They predicted that these freed slaves would take
  jobs away from whites.
• Radical Copperheads also tried to persuade Union
  soldiers to desert the army, and they urged other
  Northerners to resist the Draft.

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Chapter 11- Martial Law

• Because the Union needed the loyalty of Kentucky
  and Missouri in order to keep control of the Ohio
  and Mississippi Rivers.
• He put them under Martial Law this is an
  emergency rule by Military authorities.
• Jefferson Davis imposed martial law on parts of
  the Confederacy, Lincoln is the only US President
  ever to use this power.
• He suspended the writ of babeas corpus which is a
  legal protection requiring that a court determine
  if a person is lawfully imprisoned, without it
  people can be held in jail for indefinite periods
  even though they are not charged with a crime.

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Chapter 11-Emancipation of Proclamation

• Copperheads attacked Lincoln for making war on
  the South, abolitionists and others attacked him
  for not making the military action a war to end
  slavery.
• Lincoln made it clear he would do whatever he
  could to save the Union, whether that was free
  all the slaves, keep all slaves enslaved, or
  free half of the slaves.
• He personally despised slavery but didnt believe
  he had the right to abolish slavery nor it was
  legal.
• Abraham feared that if he did so he would lose
  the loyalty of the border states and they would
  join the Confederacy.
• Lincoln proclaimed all enslaved people are
  henceforward free.

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Chapter 12-Conditions in South

• Following the Civil War everything in the South
  had been torn apart, cities destroyed.
• Because most of the War had been fought in the
  South the damage showed. It was out of sorts and
  almost starting entirely over the government had
  to be reconstructed.
• Now that there were freedmen black codes
• -Curfews, black people could not gather
  after sunset
• -Labor Contracts, Freedmen had to sign
  agreements in January for year of work. Those who
  quit in the middle of a contract often lost all
  wages they had earned.
• -Vagrancy Laws, Freedmen convicted of
  vagrancy-that is, not working, could be fined,
  whipped, or sold for a years labor.
• -Land restrictions, freed people could
  rent land or homes only in rural areas. Forcing
  them to live on plantations.

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Chapter 12-Reconstruction

• Between 1865 and 1877, the federal government had
  carried out a program to repair the damage to the
  South and restore the southern states to the
  Union.
• Reconstruction- was hugely controversial at the
  time, and historians continue to debate its
  successes and failures continually.
• As the start of Reconstruction, it was clear that
  the nation especially the South had been changed
  forever by the war.
• The North lost 364,000 soldiers including more
  than 38,000 African Americans. The South lost
  260,000 soldiers one fifth of its adult white
  men.
• Decisions that came after this war effected the
  people of America for the next hundred to two
  hundred years.

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Chapter 12- Ending Reconstruction

• President Grant, who was reelected in 1872 and
  was setting goals of reconstruction and reaching
  them.
• There were four main reason to the end of the
  Reconstruction
• 1. Corruption- Reconstruction legislatures, as
  well as Grants administration, came to symbolize
  corruption, greed, and poor government.
• 2. The Economy-Reconstruction legislatures taxed
  and spent heavily, putting southern states deeper
  into debt. There was a nationwide downturn in
  1873 diverted public attention from the movement
  for equal rights.
• 3. Violence- As federal troops withdrew from the
  South, some white Democrats were freer to use
  violence and intimidation to prevent freedmen
  from voting. This allowed white southerners to
  regain control of state government.
• 4. The Democrats return to power-The era of
  Republican control of the South was coming to a
  close. In 1872, all but about 500 ex-Confederates
  had been pardoned.

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Chapter 12- The Election of 1876 and the effect
of Reconstruction

• In the election of 1876 between Rutherford B.
  Hayes against Democrat Samuel Tilden, who was
  supported by solid south.
• Hayes lost popular vote but the electoral votes
  were a dispute.
• Hayes claimed victory based partly on wins in
  Florida, Louisiana, and South Carolina. Those
  states were still under federal control.
• Democrats showed results saying he won those
  states therefore winning the nomination.
• By decision of a commission made by congress gave
  the win to Hayes.
• They ended up making a deal known as the
  Compromise of 1877, because Hayes didnt clearly
  win, Democrats agreed to give Hayes presidential
  victory if they took out the remaining troops in
  the South.

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THE END