Western Europe During the High Middle Ages

1
Chapter 20

• Western Europe During the High Middle Ages

2
The Holy Roman Empire

• Otto I of Saxony takes advantage of decline of
  Carolingian Empire to establish kingdom in north
  Germany, mid 10th century CE
• Pope John XII names Otto Emperor of Holy Roman
  Empire, 962 CE
• Think if the Pope crowns you, who has the
  power, you, or the Pope? Hence the problem with
  the holy Roman Empire

3

• The Regional States of Medieval Europe about 1250
  CE

4
Tensions between Emperors and the Church

• Investiture Contest (1100s ish)
• Pope Gregory VII says only he can choose
• Excommunicates Emperor Henry IV (Germany)
• German people (read rogue princes) take
  opportunity to rebel
• Quashed with difficulty

5
Regional Monarchies France

• Capetian France
• Hugh Capet succeeds last Carolingian Emperor, 987
  CE
• ELECTED by the Lords what precedent does that
  set? Why is it an important detail?

6
Regional Monarchies England

• Normans in England
• Descendants of Vikings, settled in France
• Invade England in 1066 under William the
  Conqueror
• Dominate Angles, Saxons, and other Germanic groups

Why would the English HATE the Normans more than
other invaders/conquerors?
7
Bayeux Tapestry Primary Source
8
(No Transcript)
9
(No Transcript)
10
Italy

• Series of ecclesiastical states, city-states, and
  principalities
• Papal State directly controlled by Pope,

11
Italy (or at least the land that will become
Italy)

• By 12th century, city-states increasingly
  displace church control in northern Italy
• Normans invade southern Italy, displace Byzantine
  and Muslim authorities

12
Iberian Peninsula

• Muslims control Iberian peninsula, 8th-12th
  centuries
• From 11th century on, Christian conquest of
  Spanish Muslim territories
• Late 13th century, Muslims remain only in Granada

13
(No Transcript)
14
(No Transcript)
15
Growth of the Agricultural Economy

• Increasing development of arable lands
• Minimized threat of invading nomads
• Clearing of swamps, forests
• Improved agricultural techniques
• Crop rotation
• New crops, esp. beans
• Horseshoes, horse collars (horses faster than
  oxen)

16
European Population Growth, 800-1300 CE
17
Revival of Towns and Trade

• When food supplies increase what
• Specialization of labor
• Mediterranean Trade
• Italy well-positioned for sea trade
• Italian colonies established in major ports of
  Mediterranean, Black seas
• Better business
• Letters of credit

18
Resurgence of European Trade
19
Innovation Alert The Horse collar has arrived!

• http//www.machine-history.com/node/482
• http//www.humanist.de/rome/harnessing/collar-ma.h
  tml

20
The Hanseatic League

• Hansa, association of trading cities
• Trade in Baltic and North seas
• Poland, nothern Germany, Scandinavia

21
Trade Routes of the Hanseatic League
22
Social Change

• If you remember nothing else from this PP, please
  memorize this slide!!!
• The Three Estates
• Those who pray clergy
• Those who fight knights/nobility
• Those who work peasants
• Oversimplification of complex social reality

23
Chivalry

• Code of conduct for nobles
• Sponsored by Church to minimize fighting among
  Christians
• Technically, knight to dedicate his efforts to
  promotion of Christianity
• Protection of women

24
Troubadors

• Class of traveling poets, minstrels, entertainers
• Spread of cultural ideas to Europe
• Eleanor of Aquitaine (1122-1204) major supporter
• Popularization of idea of romantic love,
  refinement of European knights

25
Independent Cities

• Additions to class of those who work
• Merchants, artisans, physicians, lawyers, etc.
• Guilds
• Late 11th century, charters of integration

26
Urban Women

• New economic opportunities for women
• Dominated needle trade
• Representation in wide variety of trades
• Admitted to most guilds
• Some guilds for women only

27
Cathedral Schools

• Early middle ages little education
• High middle ages (1000-1300 CE) increasing wealth
  makes education possible
• Schools based in cathedrals
• Curriculum of Latin writings

28
Aristotles Back!

• Latin translations of Byzantine Greek texts
  circulate in Europe
• Jewish and Muslim scholars provide other
  translations from Arabic translations
• St. Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274), major proponent
  of Scholasticism
• Synthesis of Christianity and Aristotle
• University of Paris

29
Religious Movements

• Rebellion against perceived materialism of Roman
  Catholic Church
• St. Dominic (1170-1221) and St. Francis
  (1182-1226) create orders of mendicants
• Vows of poverty
• Popular preachers
• Religious zealots, very opposed to heretical
  movements

30
Medieval Expansion of Europe

• Atlantic and Baltic Colonization
• Scandinavians explore North Atlantic Ocean
• Iceland, Greenland, Vinland (Canada)
• Canadian settlements do not succeed
• Kings of Denmark nominally convert to
  Christianity, Sweden and Finland follow

31

• The medieval expansion of Europe, 1000 1250 CE

32
Crusading Orders

• Religious Christians form military-religious
  orders
• Templars, Hospitallers, Teutonic Knights
• Religious vows of opposition to Islam, paganism
• Founded churches and monasteries

33
The Reconquest of Sicily and Spain

• Sicily taken by Muslims in 9th century,
  reconquered by Normans in 11th century
• Slow displacement of Islam
• Opportunity for cross-cultural fertilization

34
(No Transcript)
35
The Beginning of the Crusades

• Pope Urban II calls for liberation of Jerusalem
  from Muslim control, 1095
• Salvation promised for casualties
• Peter the Hermit raises popular frenzy, mob
  destroyed on way to Jerusalem

36
Pope Urban II Preaching a Crusade

• 15th century painting of Pope Urban II at the
  Council of Clermont, where he preached an
  impassioned sermon to take back the Holy Land.

37
Reasons For the Crusades

• Pope believed they would increase his power and
  stop them from fighting one another.
• Crusaders promised their sins would be forgiven
  for their participation.
• Nobles hoped to gain wealth and land.
• Many saw it as a chance for travel and
  excitement.
• Serfs hoped to escape feudalism.

38
The First Crusade

• A chronicler, Radulph of Caen wrote "Some
  people said that, constrained by the lack of
  food, they boiled pagan adults in cooking-pots,
  impaled children on spits and devoured them
  grilled." These events were also chronicled by
  Fulcher of Chartres, who wrote "I shudder to
  tell that many of our people, harassed by the
  madness of excessive hunger, cut pieces from the
  buttocks of the Saracens already dead there,
  which they cooked, but when it was not yet
  roasted enough by the fire, they devoured it with
  savage mouth."1 Albert of Aix remarked that
  "the Christians did not shrink from eating not
  only killed Turks or Saracens, but even
  dogs..."("Nam Christiani non solum Turcos vel
  Sarracenos occisos, verum etiam canes
  arreptos(...)")2

• 1096-1099 more organized expedition
• Captures Jerusalem, largely due to poor Muslim
  organization
• Salah al-Din (Saladin) recaptures Jerusalem in
  1187
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vERKDI-exAoE

39
Later Crusades and their Consequences

• Five crusades by mid-13th century, none
  successful
• Fourth Crusade destroys Constantinople, 1202-1204
• Yet Crusades provide direct contact with Muslim
  ideologies, trade
• Aristotle, Arabic numerals, paper production

40
For the first decade of the Crusades, the
Crusaders pursued a policy of terror against
Muslims and Jews that included mass executions,
the throwing of severed heads over besieged
cities walls, exhibition and mutilation of naked
cadavers, and even cannibalism.
41
Impact of the Crusades

• Increased Anti-Semitism
• Increased Trade
• Weakened the Power of the Church
• Weakening of Feudalism
• Increase in Learning
• Exposed to Muslim advancements in math, science,
  literature, art and geographical knowledge

42
The evolution of a city London

• http//www.xtimeline.com/timeline/History-of-Londo
  n

• Go to this website, find evidence of these
  factors
• Invasions
• Disease
• Agriculture
• Commerce
• Transportation
• Labor

43
What effect did the Little Ice Age likely have on
London?

• http//lostcityoflondon.co.uk/2013/11/24/londons-l
  ittle-ice-age-and-the-great-frost-fairs/
• Extrapolate this information into commerce,
  disease, invasion etc. What effects could we
  anticipate from our knowledge base?

44
So what happened to other cities as a result of
the Middle ages?

• Cordoba
• Timbuktu
• Paris
• Baghdad
• Beijing
• Delhi
• Constantinople

• Research your favorite city from the list. How
  did events, culture, climate, trade, and other
  factors change the city from 1000 to 1500?