Middle%20Ages%20Europe

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Middle Ages Europe

• Religion dominated medieval society
• Church was supreme to the state
• Church was greatest patron of art and literature
  
• Medieval art focused on the church and salvation

2
Middle Ages Europe

• Feudalism- decline of Roman Empire, invasions,
  order to chaos
• Exchange of land and work for protection
• Agricultural Economy
• Trade and manufacturing

3
The Great Schism (spilt of the Christian Church)
1054 C.E.

• Cultural and political differences between the
  eastern and western Roman Empire weakened the
  unity of the Christian Church and led to its
  division.

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The Great Schism (spilt of the Christian Church)
1054 C.E.

• Late 700s, Germanic Lombards invasion of Italy
• Pope asked for help from the Franks, Pope crowned
  the Frankish king, Charlemagne, as the new Roman
  Emperor

• Eastern Orthodox
• Patriarch
• married
• Greek
• Constantinople
• No icons, pix only

• Roman Catholic
• Pope
• celibate
• Latin
• Rome
• icons

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Crusades

• Crusades- series of wars fought between
  Christians and Muslims for control of the Holy
  Land (Jerusalem).
• The Crusades stimulated trade by introducing
  Europeans to Middle Eastern products.
• Trade encouraged the use of usury (charging
  interest) and new bookkeeping practices (Arabic
  numerals).
• Constantinople
• video

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Hundred Years War

• 1337-1453
• Fought between France and England over land and
  hereditary rights.
• Conflict helped to establish France England as
  nation-states.
• Professional armies

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Great (Western) Schism Part Deux 1378-1417

• Conflicts between kings and popes common
• Pope moved to Avignon, France
• New pope moved back, harsh, disliked,
  excommunicated
• Two popes
• Council of Constantine

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Boccaccio's The Decameron

• Not such were they as in the East, where an issue
  of blood from the nose was a manifest sign of
  inevitable death but in men and women alike it
  first betrayed itself by the emergence of certain
  tumours in the groin or the armpits, some of
  which grew as large as a common apple, others as
  an egg, some more, some less, which the common
  folk called gavoccioli. From the two said parts
  of the body this deadly gavocciolo soon began to
  propagate and spread itself in all directions
  indifferently after which the form of the malady
  began to change, black spots or livid making
  their appearance in many cases on the arm or the
  thigh or elsewhere, now few and large, now minute
  and numerous.

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Black Death

• In the 14th century (1347), the Bubonic plague
  decimated the European and Asian populations.
• unhealthy and unsanitary conditions
• Results decline in population, scarcity
  (limited) of labor, feudalism weakened, economy
  and trade disrupted, and Church influence
  declined.
• Peasant revolts in England, France, Belgium,
  Italy- demand for higher wages
• video

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The Renaissance

• New intellectual and artistic ideas that
  developed during the Renaissance marked the
  beginning of the modern world (new ideas,
  innovations, and exploration) .

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Rise of Italian city-states

• Much of Europe rural, urban centers in N. Italy,
  by late 1300s some cities 100,000
• Independent city-states governed by wealthy
  merchant oligarchies
• Wealthy merchant families dominated northern
  Italian cities

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Italian City-States

• Wealth from trade with the Middle East led to the
  rise of Italian city-states.
• The Italian Renaissance originated in Florence,
  Venice, and Genoa. Why?
• 1. They had access to trade routes between Europe
  and the Middle East
• 2. Served as centers to distribute (trade) goods
  to Northern Europe
• 3. They were initially independent city-states
  (republics)

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Quattrocento (15th century)

• Florence became center of Renaissance
• Wealth based on textile merchants and bankers
• Medici family dominated Florence during 15th
  century
• Art shed medieval style, more classical
• Masaccios Tribute Money

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Medici Family

• Wealthy merchants became patrons of the arts,
  helping artists to pay for their works of art.
  The Medici family of Florence was the most famous
  of wealthy patrons.
• Cosimo and Lorenzo
• Libraries, churches, art commissions
• Italian education society became increasingly
  secular. Less emphasis on salvation, more on
  present.

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Italian Renaissance Humanism

• Rebirth or revival of Classical learning and
  civic humanism, birth of the modern world
• Renaissance art and literature focused on
  individuals, worldly matters, and Christianity.
• Humanism- intellectual movement that
• Celebrated the individual
• Stimulated the study of Greek Roman literature
  and culture
• Was supported by wealthy patrons- display wealth,
  power, fame

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• Virtu
• Renaissance artists- individualism, fame,
  excellence
• Medieval artists- glory of God, not personal fame
• Secularism a break from dependence on the RCC

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Francesco Petrarca Father of Humanism

• Petrarch
• Study original classical texts? understand human
  nature
• Dark Ages
• Wrote love sonnets
• Letters

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Important Writers

• Boccaccio, The Decameron, prose tales, good
  description of 14th century life
• Baldassare Castiglione, The Courtier, ideal
  courtier charming, witty, graceful, dance,
  poetry, music. Women educated, but inspire art
  not create it
• Giovanni Pico della Mirandola, Oration on the
  Dignity of Man, celebrated human potential for
  greatness

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Niccolo Machiavelli1469-1527

• Renaissance political philosopher
• Observed city-states rulers and created
  guidelines for obtaining and maintaining absolute
  power
• Pessimistic view of man, believed people
  ungrateful untrustworthy
• Urged rulers to study war, be ruthless and
  pragmatic

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Machiavellis The Prince1513

• Early modern treatise on government that
  supports
• absolute power of the ruler
• the end justifies the means
• one should do good if possible, but do evil when
  necessary

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Architecture

• Less Gothic, more classical,
  domes, arches, columns
• Leon Battista Alberti
• Filippo Brunelleschi

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• Sculpture- classical, nude
• Pyramid configuration
• Perspective- illusion of depth
• Classical forms Christian subjects
• Reject hierarchical scaling

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Cinquecento- 16th century High Renaissance in
Rome

• Chiaroscuro- blending of light and dark volume,
  depth
• da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael
• Late Renaissance Mannerism- unnaturalistic

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Compared to Medieval
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Compared to Medieval
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Transition from Medieval Art
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Renaissance Art

• Leonardo da Vinci- Mona Lisa The Last Supper

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• Michelangelo- statue of David ceiling of the
  Sistine Chapel

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Michelangelos Sistine Chapel
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Renaissance spreads to Northern Europe
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Northern Renaissance

• With the rise of trade, travel, and literacy, the
  Italian Renaissance spread to northern Europe.
  The art and literature changed as people of
  different cultures adopted Renaissance ideas.
• Growing wealth in Northern Europe supported
  Renaissance ideas.
• Northern Renaissance thinkers merged humanist
  ideas with Christianity.

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Different from Italian Renaissance

• Should not be considered an appendage to Italian
  art..but, Italian influence was strong.
• The differences between the two cultures
• Italy ? humanism, emphasis on the revival of the
  values of classical antiquity.
• Northern Europe ? change was driven by religious
  reform, the return to Christian values, and the
  revolt against the authority of the Church.
• More princes kings were patrons of artists.

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N. Ren. Art

• Oil painting, reality, details
• Everyday objects disguised symbols
• Jan van Eyck, Arnolfini Wedding
• Dog fidelity
• Discarded shoes religious ceremony
• Bare feet helps fertility
• Marriage license

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N. Ren. Art

• Albrecht Durer
• Absorbed Italian Renaissance ideas
• Woodcuts, self-portraits
• Hans Holbein the Younger
• Realism

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Northern Renaissance Writers

• Desiderius Erasmus 1466-1536
• Dutch Christian Humanist
• In Praise of Folly (1511) a satire of greedy
  merchants and church corruption
• Wrote in Latin as opposed to vernacular
• Reform church, not destroy it

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Northern Renaissance Writers

• Sir Thomas More (1478-1535)
• English Humanist
• Utopia (1516) (meaning nowhere)- depiction of a
  perfect ideal society
• Religious toleration, humanist education,
  communal property

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Renaissance Writers

• William Shakespeare
• English poet and playwright
• Wrote sonnets, plays, essays

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More Northern Renaissance Writers!

• Michel de Montaigne- French, essay as
  literary genre, Essais, skepticism, anecdotes
• Francois Rabelais- French, Gargantua and
  Pantagruel, condemned church corruption
• Miguel de Cervantes- Spanish, Don Quixote,
  first modern novel

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Spread of ideas

• Johannes Gutenberg invented the moveable type
  printing press, Bible 1456
• Gutenbergs printing press helped to
• Increase literacy and the production and sale of
  books
• disseminate Renaissance Reformation ideas
• Difficult to suppress dissention

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Decline of Italian city-states

• Economic decline
• Loss of most Asian trade routes
• textile competition from NW Europe
• Rise of Atlantic economy
• Political problems
• Quarreling city-states
• Foreign invasion (France, Spain)

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Women in the Renaissance

• Querelle des femmes- debate about women, nature,
  role in society
• Castigliones Courtier - perfect court lady
  should be educated, talented in arts but not
  active in politics or art, attractive ornament
• Christine de Pizan- First Feminist, wrote history
  of famous women to refute myths, The City of
  Ladies

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• Isabella DEste- most famous Renaissance woman,
  art patron
• Her life illustrated that the most acceptable
  role for a well-educated woman was to become a
  patron of the arts
• 1536 Titian
• Literacy increased

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Caterina Sforza
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Isabella I
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Mary Tudor
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Elizabeth I
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Catherine de Medici
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2004 AP Euro Exam FRQ

• Analyze the influence of humanism on the visual
  arts in the Italian Renaissance. Use at least
  THREE specific works to support your analysis.

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Botticelli, Pallas and the Centaur
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Titian, Allegory of Prudence
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Eyck, Arnolfini Wedding
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Donatello, Mary Magdalene
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Michelangelo, La Pieta
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da Vinci, flying machine drawings
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Masaccio, Madonna and Child with Angels
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Bruegel, Netherlandish Proverbs
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Durer, Erasmus of Rotterdam
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Holbein, The Ambassadors
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Raphael, Madonna del Baldacchino