Chapter 14 The High Middle Ages 1000 1500

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Chapter 14 The High Middle Ages 1000 - 1500

• Timeline on pages 316 317

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Section 1 The Crusades

• Main Idea European Christians tried to end
  Islamic rule of Palestine in a series of wars
  called the Crusades
• Palestine was important to all three major
  religions

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The Crusades

• During 1000s Seljuq Turks gained control of
  Palestine Holy Land
• They go on to threaten Constantinople Byzantine
  Emperor asks Pope Urban II for help
• 1095 first Crusade was called
• Crusades series of military expeditions to
  regain the Holy Land
• Why go? Save their souls . gain wealth and land
  . Adventure.rewards were both spiritual and
  material

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First Crusade 1096 - 1099

• Armies suffer greatly from heat
• Crusaders capture Jerusalem after vicious battle
  slaughter Muslims and Jews alike
• Some Crusaders settled in the area and began to
  trade between Middle East and Europe main
  gateway was Italy
• Tried to apply feudalism to region
• Cultural diffusion is significant

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Crusades

• For almost 100 years the European Christians held
  onto Palestine
• The Muslim armies began to take back cities
  conquered by Crusader armies
• Therefore more Crusades were sent most failed.
  All Crusades except the first failed to reach
  their goal.
• Crusaders eventually take Constantinople their
  goal?

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Crusades

• Europeans discovered new ways to wage war
• With fewer nobles in Europe, the power of
  European kings grew stronger
• All these changes helped bring an end to
  feudalism
• Crusades helped the Christian Church become more
  powerful
• Italian cities became major trading centers

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Section 2 The Revival of Trade

• Main Idea The Crusades spurred a revival of
  trade and led to economic growth throughout
  Western Europe.
• Because of the Crusades, trade began to grow
  again in Europe.
• Ships from Italian city-states carried Crusaders
  to Palestine. On their return trips, they
  brought back goods from Asia.

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The Hanseatic League

• Germanys weak central government could not
  control trade. For that reason, the German
  trading cities joined together to form the
  Hanseatic League.

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Tell Me About

• Fairs?
• Barter economy?
• Money changers?
• Domestic system? Give me an example using wool

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• Fairs social events, economic events usually
  (early) the barter system was used to exchange
  goods helped people broaden their outlook on the
  world
• Money changers first bankers usury

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Market Economy

• Capital wealth that is earned, saved, and
  invested to make profits
• Market Economy land, labor, and capital are
  controlled by individual persons
• Medieval market economy formed the basis for our
  modern capitalist system

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Section 3 The Growth of Towns

• Main Idea The growth of European towns
  accompanied the revival of trade during the
  Middle Ages

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Guilds

• As trade increased, towns grew larger and richer
• Merchants and workers began to unite in
  associations called guilds
• In each town a merchant guild had the sole right
  to trade there
• Merchants from other towns or nations could trade
  there only if they paid a fee
• Skilled workers came together in a craft guild
  each guild had members from a single craft
  shoemaking or weaving

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Becoming a Master (Jedi)

• Most importantly, craft guilds controlled the
  training of skilled workers
• Apprentice 5 9 years
• Journeyman worked for a master paid a wage
• Master could take on an apprentice, open own
  shop
• Over time, guild members merchant and master
  workers became the middle class. They were
  between the class of nobles and that of peasants
  and unskilled workers

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Black Death 1347 - 1351

• Europe and Mediterranean world were devastated by
  the plague
• Spread quickly through crowded cities
• Spread along trade routes rats, fleas
• Estimated 25 million dead about 1/3 total
  population
• Countryside was safer than cities
• Last paragraph on p. 330

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Section 4 Life and Culture in the Middle Ages

• Main Idea Much of medieval European life and
  culture centered on the Christian Church and
  life.
• Vernacular languages everyday speech that
  varied from place to place spoken by people with
  little education Latin was the universal
  language
• Troubadours traveling singers who wrote poems
  about love and chivalry sang their love poems in
  castles and in towns

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Life and Culture

• During the Middle Ages vernacular literature
  reached its height in the works of 2 great
  medieval writers
• Dante Alighieri The Divine Comedy
• Geoffrey Chaucer Canterbury Tales

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Life and Culture

• During the early Middle Ages few people received
  an education
• Between 1000s and 1200s 4 great universities
  (associations of people) developed Paris,
  Oxford, Bologna, and Salerno
• Guilds???
• Bachelor of Arts apprenticeship
• Master of Arts master

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Philosophy and Science

• Thomas Aquinas probably the greatest medieval
  philosopher
• Summa Theologia summarized medieval Christian
  thought
• The Bible and the Church were the main sources
  for information about the world. Few advances
  were made in science

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Architecture

• During the Middle Ages, Church architecture was
  the main art form
• New style of Church design Gothic
• Churches reached for the Heavens
• Flying buttresses

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Section 5 Wars and the Growth of Nations

• Main Idea The late Middle Ages saw the
  development of individual nations united under
  strong monarchs
• No loyalty to nations feudalism tended to break
  nations into sections during later Middle Ages
  more loyalty to nations formed

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England

• By the late Middle Ages, Englands feudal lords
  had lost much of their power to the King
• In the early 1300s, the English King Edward III
  also held land in France therefore he was a
  vassal of the French king
• Hundred Years War (1337 1453) 116 years
  series of conflicts between England and France
• Edward III claims French throne when French King
  dies
• England lost the war

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England

• Longbows, cannons, and gunpowder end knightly
  war and impact of castles
• Parliament gained much power by the late1300s,
  the King needed Parliaments consent on all
  special taxes
• War of Roses (1455) York vs. Lancaster war for
  the English throne war ends in 1485 when Henry
  Tudor of the House of Lancaster wins

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France

• Suffers greatly during the Hundred Years War
  because it was basically fought on French soil
• France was divided as they fought the English
• Joan of Arc helps Charles VII become King of
  France burned at the stake symbol of French
  patriotism and a Catholic saint

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Spain

• Spain becomes united under Ferdinand and Isabella
  in 1479
• Catholics, they did not accept non-Christians in
  Spain
• 1492 ordered all Jews to become Christians or
  leave Spain later gave the same choice to Moors
• Most Jews and Muslims did leave therefore Spain
  lost many of their leaders in industry and trade

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Habsburg Family

• Used marriage to expand empire

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Section 6 Challenges to Church Power

• Main Idea During the late Middle Ages the
  Catholic Church lost some of its political power
  in many parts of Europe
• Innocent III (1198 1216) medieval Papacy
  reached the height of power
• After Innocent the worldly power of Church began
  to weaken
• Power began to shift

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Babylonian Captivity and the Great Schism

• After Boniface died Philip had a French bishop
  elected (Clement V)
• Moved the Church headquarters to Avignon, France
• Next 6 Popes lived in Avignon Babylonian
  Captivity (1309 1377)
• 1377 Gregory XI returns to Rome

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Babylonian Captivity and the Great Schism

• 1377 Gregory XI returns to Rome dies
  Cardinals elect Italian Pope to please mobs
  until 1417 there are sometimes 2 3 Popes at one
  time this time period is called the Great
  Schism each Pope has support
• Church Council in 1414 Great Schism ends 3
  years later
• These events were not great for Church reputation

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John Wycliffe

• Attacked wealth of Church and immorality of some
  members
• Wants authority of Church replaced with that of
  Bible
• Wanted people to read and interpret Scripture for
  themselves promoted 1st translation of Bible
  into English
• He was forced to retire
• I believe that in the end the truth will conquer

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Jan Hus

• Reformer at the University of Prague
• Criticizes Church abuses
• Burned at the stake
• Their questioning of Church authority set the
  stage for later reformers who would radically
  alter the history of the Christian Church