Age of Metternich

1
Age of Metternich

• European Leaders try to repair Europe

2
Dual Revolution

• Economic Revolution Englands Industrial Rev
• Political Revolution Frances Revolution
• Had been separate until 1815
• Two countries, two different paces
• After 1815, these two forces began to fuse,
  reinforcing each other
• Dual Revolution
• Example industrial middle class drove the push
  for representative government sans-cullottes
  inspired socialist thinkers
• Most of world history in last 200 years is about
  this fusion

3
Congress of Vienna (1814-1815)

• International Congress whose statesmen met in
  Vienna to determine the details of the peace
  settlement
• The objective was to reestablish a conservative
  order in Europe following years of upheaval and
  war as a result of the French Revolution and
  Napoleon.
• Dominated by the figure of Metternich, the
  foreign minister of Austria, thus. Age of
  Metternich
• He hated liberalism, nationalism, revolution,
  anything that smacked of republicanism

4
Congress of Vienna (1814-1815)

• Blamed liberal middle class revolutionaries for
  stirring up the lower classes
• Doubly dangerous since liberalism went hand in
  hand with national aspirations
• Liberalism, therefore supported the idea of
  national self-determination
• This threatened the aristocracy
• Also would destroy Austrian Empire since most of
  the Empire was composed of subject ethnic groups

5
Carlsbad Decrees 1819

• Metternichs policies dominated Austria, Italian
  peninsula German Confederation
• 38 independent German states, including Prussia
  and Austria
• Met in complicated assemblies dominated by
  Austria with Prussia, a willing junior partner
• 1819 Metternich passed Carlsbad Decrees
• Required that all 38 member states root out
  subversive ideas in their universities
  newspapers

6
Congress of Vienna

• Dominated by conservatism
• Wanted Europe to forget about Napoleon, the
  French Revolution, and the Enlightenment
• Wanted to achieve a balance of power in Europe
• Power between Great Britain, Austria, Prussia,
  Russia, and France
• Wanted legitimacy to return rightful monarchs
  or their heirs to their thrones
• Edmund Burkes Reflections on the Revolutions in
  France spread conservative ideas throughout Europe

7
Austria Count Klemmens Von Metternich
8
Great BritainViscount Robert Castlereigh
9
PrussiaKarl August von Hardenberg
10
FranceCharles Maurice de Talleyrand
11
RussiaAlexander I
12
Congress of Vienna

• First Treaty of Paris (May 1814)
• France lost all its conquests of revolutionary
  and Napoleonic periods
• Permitted to retain its frontiers of 1792
• Regained almost all colonies not required to pay
  an indemnity
• Napoleons 100 Days interrupted the proceedings
• Second Treaty of Paris (November 1915)
• After Waterloo, the allies imposed a more severe
  treaty than the first one

13
Congress of Vienna

• Second Treaty of Paris
• France was reduced to the borders of 1790
• French required to pay an indemnity of 700
  million francs to the allies
• and to accept allied military occupation of 17
  French forts for 5 years.

14
The Holy Alliance Sept. 1815

• Proposed by Tsar Alexander I
• Signed by rulers of Russia, Prussia, and Austria
• Pledged to observe Christian principles in both
  domestic and international affairs

15
The Quadruple Alliance Nov. 1815

• Signed by Great Britain, Austria, Prussia and
  Russia
• Agreed to maintain the alliance that had defeated
  Napoleon
• To meet periodically in concerts to discuss
  issues of mutual concern
• Concert of Europe would lead to the preservation
  of the balance of power and the conservative
  order established in Vienna

16
Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle 1818

• France had paid its indemnity
• Members of the Quadruple Alliance decided that
  France should be freed from occupation
• France rejoins the ranks of the great powers
• Now the Quintuple Alliance
• Alexander I proposed they should support existing
  governments and frontiers in Europe
• Castlereagh rejects this first break in the
  accord

17
Congress of Troppau 1820

• Spain revolutionaries rose up forced the kings
  of Spain Kingdom of Two Sicilies to grant
  liberal constitutions
• Metternich and Alexander I principle of active
  intervention in other countries to oppose
  revolutions
• British objected to policy of intervention

18
Congress of Laibach 1821

• Authorized Austria to suppress the revolution in
  the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
• She did so
• Breach between Britain and three conservative
  powers widened at this congress

19
Congress of Verona 1822

• Last of the congresses
• Authorized France to intervene in Spain
• Spanish king reestablished absolute power
• Castlereaghs successor, George Canning finally
  withdrew Britain from the Quintuple Alliance

20
Britains Opposition to Intervention the Monroe
Doctrine

• Without Britains naval power, conservative
  powers were unable to suppress the revolts in
  Latin America
• British opposed intervention for 2 reasons
• On principle, was unfair
• Didnt want any interference with their
  profitable trade with Latin America
• Canning proposed Great Britain U.S. join in a
  declaration against any European intervention in
  the Western Hemisphere

21
Britains Opposition to Intervention the Monroe
Doctrine

• Americans acted independently
• Monroe Doctrine, 1823
• The U.S. would oppose intervention and any
  further colonization by the European powers in
  the Western Hemisphere
• Great Britain endorsed Monroe Doctrine
• Both U.S. Britain began to grant formal
  diplomatic recognition to new L. A. republics

22
1815 Europe
23
Liberalism

• Metternich wanted conservatism
• Liberalism was dominant among the commoners who
  didnt benefit from noble privilege
• Liberalism was defined by freedoms freedom of
  speech, religion, and the press
• Liberalism stressed constitutional monarchies
• Liberalism stressed meritocracy value in what
  you achieve, not who you were born to

24
Liberalism

• Only France with Louis XVIIIs Constitutional
  Charter
• And Britain with its Parliament historic rights
  had realized much of the liberal program in 1815

25
Economic Liberalism

• Opponents of liberalism criticized its economic
  principles which called for unrestricted private
  enterprise no government interference in the
  economy
• Known as Laissez-faire
• Often called Classic Liberalism in U.S. in order
  to differentiate it from modern American
  liberalism which usually favors more government
  programs to meet social needs to regulate the
  economy

26
Economic Liberalism

• This type of classical (economic) liberalism, was
  supported by business groups became a doctrine
  associated with business interests
• Businessmen used the doctrine to defend their
  right to do as they wished in their factories.
• Labor unions were outlawed because they
  supposedly restricted free competition the
  individuals right to work

27
Nationalism

• Hotbeds were in Ottoman Empire and Austrian
  Empire
• Argued that each people had its own genius its
  own cultural unity
• Glorified the past and culture of unified groups
• Sought to turn the cultural unity that they felt
  into a political reality

28
Nationalism

• Complex industrial urban society requiring better
  communications standardized national language
• When a minority population grew large, a
  nationalist campaign for a standardized language
  often led to a push for a separate nation-state

29
Nationalism

• Between 1815-1850, people who believed in
  nationalism, believed in either liberalism or
  radical, democratic republicanism.
• Liberals democrats saw the people as ultimate
  source of all government
• Early nationalists believed every nation, like
  every citizen, had the right to exist in freedom,
  to develop its own character and spirit
• Once this was achieved, then a symphony of
  nations would promote the harmony and unity of
  all peoples

30
Nationalism

• Early nationalists stressed differences among
  peoples
• Strong sense of We They
• A sense of national mission
• A sense of national superiority
• Early nationalism ambiguous
• Below the surface lurked ideas of national
  superiority, national mission
• These ideas could lead to aggression conflict

31
Utilitarianism

• The greatest good for the greatest number.
• Normally associated with liberalism the
  greatest numbers were non-nobles
• Jeremy Bentham father of
• Said government should only interfere in peoples
  lives to bring order and harmony
• John Stuart Mill said the role of the government
  is to help people achieve happiness
• Mills On Liberty and On the Subjection of Women
  outlined utilitarianism and feminism

32
French Utopian Socialism

• They were aware that the political revolution in
  France, the rise of laissez-faire, and the
  emergence of modern industry were transforming
  society
• They saw these as fomenting selfish individualism
  splitting the community into isolated fragments
• Urgent need to reorganize society to establish
  cooperation new sense of community

33
French Utopian Socialism

• 3 principles of early French Utopian Socialism
• Economic planning (emergency measures of 1793-94)
• Intense desire to help the poor rich and poor
  should be more equal economically
• Private property should be regulated by the
  government/or abolished and replaced by state or
  community ownership
• PLANNING, GREATER ECONOMIC EQUALITY, STATE
  REGULATION OF PROPERTY!

34
Count Henri de Saint-Simon (1760-1825)

• Key to progress was proper social organization!
• Parasites court, aristocracy, lawyers, churchmen
  must give way to the
• Doers leading scientists, engineers,
  industrialists
• Who would carefully plan the economy, guide it
  forward with vast public works projects,
  establish investment banks
• Every social institution ought to improve
  conditions of the poor

35
Charles Fourier (1772-1837)

• Self-sufficient communities of 1,620 people
  living communally on 5,000 acres devoted to
  combination of agriculture industry
• Women should be totally emancipated
• Critical of middle-class family life
• Marriages only another kind of prostitution
• Young women sold to men for their dowries
• Abolition of marriage/ Free unions based only on
  love sexual freedom
• The socialist link to liberation of women may
  have hindered the womens movement in future

36
Louis Blanc (1811-1881)

• Wrote Organization of Work
• Urged workers to demand universal voting rights
• Take control of the state peacefully
• Government-backed workshops factories to
  guarantee full employment
• Right to work as sacred as any other right

37
Pierre Joseph Proudhon (1809-65)

• Wrote What is Property?
• Nothing but theft
• Property was profit stolen from the worker, who
  was source of all wealth
• Different from socialists in that he feared the
  power of the state
• Often considered an anarchist

38
Early French Utopian Socialism

• Message was linked to the experience of French
  urban workers
• Memory of radical phase of French Rev.
• Its efforts to regulate economic life protect
  the poor
• Skilled artisans who believed in guilds came to
  oppose laissez-faire laws that denied workers the
  right to organize and promoted brutal,
  unrestrained competition instead

39
Marxian Socialism
Karl Marx (1818-1883)
40
Karl Marx

• The Communist Manifesto the history of all
  previously existing society is the history of
  class struggles
• Ridicules early socialists as naïve to appeal to
  the middle-class and the poor
• Interests of these two classes were inevitably
  opposed to each other

41
Karl Marx

• One class had always exploited the other
• With modern industry, society now clearly more
  split
• Middle-class bourgeoisie
• Modern working class proletariat
• Bourgeoisie had triumphed over feudal aristocracy
• Marx predicted that proletariat would conquer the
  bourgeoisie

42
Karl Marx

• How would this happen?
• Bourgeoisie was tiny minority they owned the
  means of production
• As this tiny bourgeoisie grew richer, the
  proletariat would continue to grow in size in
  class-consciousness
• Portion of the bourgeoisie would join the
  proletariat as they raised themselves to the
  level of comprehending theoretically the
  historical moment

43
Karl Marx

• The critical moment of takeover of the means of
  production by the proletariat was very near
• The ruling classes tremble at a Communist
  revolution. The proletarians have nothing to lose
  but their chains. They have a world to win.
  WORKING MEN OF ALL COUNTRIES, UNITE

44
Karl Marx

• Marx stressed that the bourgeoisie historically,
  has played a most revolutionary part
• During its rule of less than 100 years, it had
  created more massive and more colossal productive
  forces than all preceding generations together.

45
Karl Marx

• Ideas united sociology, economics and all human
  history together
• Combined French utopian schemes, English
  classical economics, German philosophy, Engels
  critique of the oppressive factory system,
  Proudhons view of labor as the source of all
  value
• His doctrines seemed to be based on hard facts

46
Historical evolution

• Georg Hegel (1770-1831) German philosopher
• Each age is characterized by a dominant set of
  ideas thesis
• Opposing ideas challenge this antithesis
• Eventually new idea is accepted synthesis
• Synthesis evolves into new thesis
• Historical evolution will again challenge the
  thesis and so on

47
Historical evolution

• According to Marx, it was now the bourgeoisies
  turn to give way to the socialism of
  revolutionary workers
• Thing about Marxs theory appeared the
  irrefutable interpretation of humanitys long
  development
• In other words, revolution of the proletariat was
  inevitable
• Created one of the great secular religions out of
  the intellectual ferment of the early 19th c

48
Romanticism

• Early romantic German philosophers
• Sturm and Drang (Storm and Stress)
• Tremendous emotional intensity
• Suicides, duels to the death, madness, strange
  illnesses all characterize leading romantics
• Artists typically led bohemian lives, wore long
  hair
• Rejected materialism

49
Romanticism

• Driven by sense of unlimited universe
• Yearning for the unattained, the unknown, the
  unknowable
• Nature they were enchanted by it
• A blade of grass is always a blade of grass men
  and women are my subjects of inquiry.
• Nature as beautiful and chaste
• Saw modern industry as ugly, brutal attack on
  their beloved nature human personality

50
Romanticism

• Fascinated by color and diversity
• Turned toward history with passion
• Key to universe was now organic dynamic
• Not mechanical static as the Enlightenment had
  been
• Historical studies promoted growth of national
  aspirations

51
Greece breaks free from Ottoman Empire 1830

• Alexander Ypsilanti leader of Greek independence
  against Ottoman Empire
• Metternich opposed even if it was against the
  Turks
• Romantics such as Byron, Shelley and liberal
  intellectuals agitate for the liberation of the
  birth of western civilization from the Turks
• 1827 Britain, France Russia pressured by
  popular demands at home pay more attention to the
  Greek problem

52
Greece breaks free from Ottoman Empire 1830

• 1827 Great Britain, France, and Russia
  intervened, and destroyed a Turkish-Egyptian
  fleet in the Battle of Navarino.
• Russia declared war on Turkey in 1828, invaded
  Bulgaria, and seized Adrianople, where Turkey was
  forced to sign peace terms.
• Treaty of Adrianople, 1830 granted independence
  to Greece
• Romantics were happy!

53
Romanticism in Literature

• William Wordsworth
• Samuel Taylor Coleridge
• Lord Byron
• Percy Bysshe Shelley
• John Keats
• Walter Scott
• Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
• Germaine de Stael
• Victor Hugo

54
Romanticism in Literature

• I WANDER'D lonely as a cloud
• That floats on high o'er vales and hills,
• When all at once I saw a crowd,A host, of golden
  daffodils
• Beside the lake, beneath the trees,Fluttering
  and dancing in the breeze.
• 1804 Samuel Taylor Coleridge

55
Romanticism in Literature
Thou still unravish'd bride of quietness,    
Thou foster-child of silence and slow time,
Sylvan historian, who canst thus express     A
flowery tale more sweetly than our rhyme What
leaf-fring'd legend haunt about thy shape     Of
deities or mortals, or of both, John Keats
56
Romanticism in Literature
She walks in beauty, like the nightOf cloudless
climes and starry skiesAnd all that's best of
dark and brightMeet in her aspect and her
eyesThus mellowed to that tender lightWhich
heaven to gaudy day denies.Lord Byron
57
Romanticism in Literature
O WORLD! O life! O time! On whose last steps I
climb, Trembling at that where I had stood
before When will return the glory of your prime?
No more -- oh, never more! Percy Shelley
58
Romanticism in Literature
I am alone and miserable man will not associate
with me but one as deformed and horrible as
myself would not deny herself to me. My companion
must be of the same species and have the same
defects. This being you must create. Mary
Wollstonecraft Shelley
59
The Revolutions of 1830 Belgium

• The Belgians (Catholics) inspired by the French
  revolted against the Dutch Protestants.
• Russian troops were sent to suppress this
  revolution, but Poland got in the way.
• England later suggested and got an agreement by
  all the Great Powers to leave Belgium alone and
  make her a neutral country. (Neutrality Agreement
  1931)
• Belgium established a liberal constitutional
  monarchy and became a prosperous small country.

60
The Revolutions of 1830 Belgium

• The Belgians (Catholics) inspired by the French
  revolted against the Dutch Protestants.
• Russian troops were sent to suppress this
  revolution, but Poland got in the way.
• England later suggested and got an agreement by
  all the Great Powers to leave Belgium alone and
  make her a neutral country. (Neutrality Agreement
  1931)
• Belgium established a liberal constitutional
  monarchy and became a prosperous small country.

61
The Revolutions of 1830 Italy

• Northern ItalyModena, Parma, and Papal
  Statessaw outbreaks of liberal discontent.
• Italian nationalists called for unification.
• Guiseppe Mazzini and his secret revolutionary
  societyYoung Italy.
• The Carbonari secret nationalist societies
  advocated force to achieve national unification.
• Austrian troops under Metternichs enforcement of
  the Concert of Europes philosophy crushed the
  disorganized revolutionaries.
• Italian Risorgimento (resurgence of the Italian
  spirit) continuedMazzinis dream

62
The Revolutions of 1848

• In 1848, liberal revolutions broke out throughout
  Europe. Although, at first, they appeared to be
  spectacularly successful, in the end, all the
  revolutions failed.
• In general, revolutions occurred where
  governments were distrusted and where the fear
  and resentment fed by rising food prices and
  unemployment found focus in political demands.

63
Importance of The Revolutions of 1848

• In the end, the revolutions failed b/c the
  revolutionaries found themselves divided, and
  also, because the original governments still had
  the power and will to survive.
• Sometimes 1848 is referred to as the turning
  point at which modern history failed to turn
  because it seemed as though the revolutionaries
  were only so close to success.

64
Importance of The Revolutions of 1848

• Considered the watershed political event of the
  19th century.
• 1848 revolutions influenced by romanticism,
  nationalism, and liberalism, as well as economic
  dislocation and instability.
• Only Britain and Russia avoided significant
  upheaval
• Neither liberals or conservatives could gain
  permanent upper hand

65
Importance of The Revolutions of 1848

• Resulted in end of serfdom in Austria and
  Germany, universal male suffrage in France,
  parliaments established in German states
  (although controlled by princes aristocrats),
  stimulated unification impulse in Prussia and
  Sardinia-Piedmont.
• Last of liberal revolutions dating back to the
  French Revolution

66
States that saw Failed Revolutions

• France
• Austria
• Prussia
• Italy

67
The Effects of the Revolutions

• Although none of the revolutions succeeded, they
  had a lasting impact on Europe.
• Never before or since has Europe seen so truly
  universal an upheaval.
• The revolutions strengthened the more
  conservative forces that viewed revolution with
  alarm.
• Revolutionary ideas succumbed to military
  suppression.

68
The Effects of the Revolutions

• Several gains in fact, did endure
• peasants in Prussia and Austria were emancipated,
• Piedmont and Prussia kept their new constitution
• monarchs learned they needed to watch public
  opinion.
• Liberals learned that they couldnt depend on the
  masses to follow them w/out making demands
• They reevaluated their own goals
• Perhaps the old order was better than anarchy?

69
The Effects of the Revolutions

• Everyone realized that revolutions needed power
  and armies to back them up but that,
  nevertheless, nationalism was a powerful new
  force in politics.

70
England in the Age of Metternich

• Rights of commoners actually is expanded
• England Tories (had defeated Napoleon) still in
  control.
• 1815 Parliament only elected by wealthy
• Corn Law of 1815 halted importation of cheaper
  foreign grains.
• Habeas corpus repealed for first time in English
  history
• Peterloo Massacre of 1819
• Pro-liberal crowd listening to anti-Corn law
  rhetoric attacked by police.
• Press brought under firm control and mass
  meetings abolished

71
England in the Age of Metternich

• 1820s labor unions legalized
• Chartist Movement (Peoples Charter) wanted
  expanded voting rights
• 1832 Great Reform Bill allowed 50 more
  people to vote redrew district boundaries
• Big deal since it signaled the beginning of the
  end for the gentry.
• Middle class rising and gaining control of the
  government.

72
England in the Age of Metternich

• After 1832 more reforms
• Factory Act (limiting hours of child labor)
• Poor Law passed
• Law granting all resident taxpayers the right to
  vote in municipal elections.
• 1846 Repeal of the Corn Laws
• Mostly achieved because both working class and
  middle class worked together
• (final proof of the rising power of middle
  class).

73
More on England

• In 1866 Whig party (liberal) Prime Minister
  William Gladstone attempted to expand voter
  registration.
• In 1867 Tory Party (Conservative Party) Prime
  Minister Benjamin Disraeli. 2nd Reform Bill
  gives right to vote to workers.

74
Back to England

• At the turn of the century Great Britains laws
  laid down the foundation of the social welfare
  state (but first programs started in Germany)
• All citizens guaranteed a free public education
  -- compulsory
• Unions were legalized
• Secret ballots (Australian)
• Government workers insurance
• Unemployment insurance
• Old age pensions
• End of child labor safety regulations in
  factories

75
Review English Eras

• Magna Carta King has to follow the law
• War of the Roses leads to Parliament supported
  a new king
• Henry VIII religious upheaval power of the
  monarch
• Elizabeth relied upon Parliament for support
• James I absolutist
• Charles I English Civil War Parliament
  overthrows monarch

• Charles II returns at the request of Parliament
• Glorious Revolution Parliament invites William
  and Mary to return
• Bill of Rights habeas corpus and freedom of
  speech
• Prime Minister gains power during the reign of
  Queen Victoria

76
France in the Age of Metternich

• Louis XVIII was the king granted a new
  constitution
• Charles X was a reactionary and make people mad
• 1830 July Revolution Charles overthrown
• Louis Philippe chosen as king of the French
• Louis had problems with workers constant
  uprisings

77
France in the Age of Metternich

• Impact of July Revolution sparked a wave of
  revolutions throughout Europe.
• Italy (1831-32)
• Belgium
• Poland
• Spain

78
Back to France

• Began the Revolutions of 1848
• July Revolution of 1830 was against Charles X
• Louis Phillip replaced Charles and gave a voice
  to the bourgeoisie but no one represented the
  proletariat (workers)
• February, 1848 Louis Phillip abdicates and a new
  legislature is elected dominated by
  conservatives riots break out between the
  government and the workers
• Universal male suffrage approved and a
  constitution that set up a one house legislature
  and had a strong president.

79
Napoleon Again

• Louis Napoleon Bonaparte was elected president of
  the Second Republic (1st Republic was during the
  French Revolution)
• Goals law and order eradication of socialism
  and radicalism adherence to conservative groups
  Church, army, property owners and business.
• 1852 declares himself Emperor Napoleon III
• Internal improvements highways, canals,
  railroad construction
• Subsidized industry allowed organized unions
• Everyone was doing well
• Liberal Empire eased censorship and granted
  amnesty to political prisioners

80
Mexican Empire

• Napoleon sets up an Emperor of Mexico a
  Hapsburg cousin who was to answer to Napoleon
  the Mexicans kill him and the United States is
  outraged at the violation of the Monroe Doctrine

81
Crimean War (1854-1856)

• French and English went to war to prevent the
  Russians from establishing dominance over Ottoman
  possessions
• Ended the peace set up after the Congress of
  Vienna