High Middle Ages 1000 1300

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High Middle Ages1000 - 1300
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Europe1000 AD
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Norman Conquest of England

• Invasion of the Kingdom of England by William the
  Conqueror
• Battle of Hastings - 1066
• Bayeux Tapestry
• 3 Claimants to the Crown
• Harold Godwineson
• King Harald of Norway
• William (Duke of Normandy)
• Watershed in English history
• Created one of the most powerful monarchies in
  Europe
• Linked England with Continental Europe
• Set the stage for English-French conflict
• Changed the English language and culture
• Near total loss for Anglo-Saxon aristocracy
• Last successful military conquest of England

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England 1066 - 1307

• Establishment of Norman Monarchy
• Great Council replaces Witan
• Wars in France
• Henry II (r. 1154 1189) expands territory
• Eleanor of Aquitaine vast lands in France
• Richard I Lion-Hearted (r. 1189 1199)
• Serious warrior
• John (r. 1199 1216) incompetent king
• Magna Carta 1215
• Kings are not above the law
• King Could Not Collect Any New Tax Without
  the Consent of the Great
  Council
• King could not violate due process of law
• An accused Person Was Entitled to a Trial by a
  Jury of Peers
• Parliament institution able to restrict power
  of the king
• Knights burgesses elected
• Becomes House of Commons House of Lords

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Population of Europe Expands

• In the 11th cen., people began to move outward
  into the wilderness, in what is known as the
  "great clearances"
• During the High Middle Ages, forests and marshes
  were cleared and cultivated
• Settlements moved beyond the traditional
  boundaries of the Frankish Empire to new
  frontiers in eastern Europe, beyond the Elbe
  River, tripling the size of Germany in the
  process
• Reasons for this expansion and colonization
  include
• An improving climate known as the Medieval warm
  period allowing longer more productive growing
  seasons
• End of raids by Vikings Magyars resulting in
  greater political stability
• Advancements in medieval technology allowing more
  land to be farmed
• Reforms of the Church in the 11th century further
  increasing social stability
• The rise of Feudalism, which also brought
  increased social stability and more mobility

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Emergence of Cities
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Emergence of Cities

• Between 1150 and 1200 the number of chartered
  cities in the Holy Roman Empire tripled from 200
  to 600
• New Cities vitality and squalor
• Serfs flocked to the cities looking for
  opportunities
• Serfs who lived within a city for a year and a
  day were no longer bound to the land
• Town air makes men free
• Tried to maintain independence of local lords and
  clergy
• Independent charters from king
• Developed their own municipal administration
• Communes revolutions to gain independence of
  cities

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Trade and Commerce

• Trade drove the urban explosion
• Cities grew on the trade routes
• Italy, Flanders, France, Germany
• New class of long-distance merchants
• Traders began to create their own communities
• Traders formed partnerships to share the rewards
  and the risks
• Venture capitalists
• Merchant Fairs
• Champagne region of France
• Hanseatic League was founded in the 12th century
  in northern Europe
• United political economic power
• 79 to 80 cities
• Marco Polo - Venetian traveled to Silk Road to
  China
• Led to new trade with East

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Medieval Guilds

• Chief mechanism for organizing, regulating and
  restricting trade
• Fixed career path for skilled workers
• Lengthy period of apprenticeship 4 to 12 years
• Craftsmen would acquire independent professional
  status by producing a masterpiece
• Developed into trade associations designed to
  supervise business activity and protect the
  interests of its members
• Regulated working day
• Ensured that work was done to an acceptable
  standard
• Laid down rates of pay
• Negative restricted entry into a profession,
  forbade price cutting or advertising, and
  discouraged competition and innovation

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Expansion of Education

• Merchant class spurred need to create more
  secular education system
• Need for clerks and government officials who
  could read and write and understand accounts
• Cathedral and monastic schools restricted
  admission to the Church
• Most new universities were founded from
  pre-existing Catholic schools
• University of Salerno (9th century)
• University of Bologna (1088)
• University of Paris (c. 1100
• Students flocked to study under famed teachers
• At first, anyone could teach
• First universities were corporations of students
  teachers modeled on guilds
• Guilds duties included hiring faculty
• Students could dock faculty wages

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Universities

• Three Types of Universities
• students hired and paid for the teachers -
  Bologna
• teachers were paid by the church - Paris
• supported by the crown and the state Oxford
• Universities became more organized
• Set regulations for dress
• Provided living accommodations
• By 13th cen. rules introduced for teachers
• Six years of study to be a lecturer
• Eight years 35 years old to teach theology
• Students entered the University at fourteen to
  fifteen years of age

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Universities

• University studies took six years for a Bachelor
  degree and up to twelve additional years for a
  master's degree and doctorate
• Specialties at universities
• Bologna for legal studies
• Salerno for medicine
• Paris known as the queen of theology
• Subjects of higher education
• Trivium grammar, rhetoric and logic
• Quadrivium arithmetic, geometry, astronomy and
  music
• everyone had to take the same courses
• Town and gown relations often stormy
• Civil authorities regularly censor students for
  riotous behavior
• Students were afforded the legal protection of
  the clergy

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Scholasticism

• Dominant philosophical, scientific and
  theological movement of the Middle Ages
• Efforts of European intellectuals to reconcile
  reason and faith
• Reaction to contact with Muslim and
  reintroduction of Classical literature
• Depended much on the work of Aristotle
• Peter Abelard French priest 1079 1142
• Lectures at cathedral school of Notre Dame in
  Paris
• Disastrous love affair with Heloise
• Sic et Non Yes and No
• collected statements from the Bible and Church
  leaders which contradicted each other
• Believed that reason could resolve the
  contractions
• Church under Bernard of Clairvaux charged Abelard
  with heresy

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Scholasticism

• St. Anselm Benedictine monk 1079 1142
• Belief - no conflict separating mans spiritual
  rational
  natures
• Joined reason and faith in credo I believe
  in order to
  understand
• Thomas Aquinas, Dominican, 1225 1274
• Made every effort to prove that faith and reason
  could be reconciled
  
• Believed in two orders of truth
• Reason could demonstrate propositions such as
  the existence of God
• Faith things like the nature of the Trinity
  must be accepted
• Universe as a great chain of being
• Omnipotent God called everything into being, with
  everything had its place
• Man occupied a place midway between the material
  and the spiritual
• Reason gave human beings the power to understand
  some things
• Two great works Summa contra Gentiles Summa
  Theologica
• Canonized after death in 1274

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Scholasticism and Science

• Scientific Method Europeans started to
  systematically observe and investigate the
  physical universe
• Spurred by newly translated Greek and Arabic
  sources
• Robert Grosseteste - English bishop and scholar
• Aristotelian
• Developed an early system of experimental
  methodology with an emphasis on observation,
  hypothesis and verification
• Tried to demonstrate that the world was round
• Experiments on the refraction of light
• Roger Bacon 1214 1294
• Looked for practical applications - telescope
• Argued that observation should guide reason

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Castles
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Chivalry

• Ideals associated with knighthood
• French word chevalier which means knight
• Honor is the foundational and guiding principle
• Three basic areas
• 1. Relation to countrymen and fellow Christians
• mercy, courage, valor, fairness, protection of
  the weak and poor, servant-hood to lord
• warrior chivalry - chief duty is to his lord
• 2. Relation to God
• being faithful to the church, being the champion
  of good against evil, being generous and obeying
  God above all
• 3. Relation to women
• idea that the knight is to serve a lady
• general gentleness and graciousness to all women
• Courtly love

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Chivalric Codes

• Thou shalt believe all that the Church teaches,
  and shalt observe all its directions.
• Thou shalt defend the Church.
• Thou shalt respect all weaknesses, and shalt
  constitute thyself the defender of them.
• Thou shalt love the country in which thou wast
  born.
• Thou shalt not recoil before thine enemy.
• Thou shalt make war against the Infidel without
  cessation, and without mercy.
• Thou shalt perform scrupulously thy feudal
  duties, if they be not contrary to the laws of
  God.
• Thou shalt never lie, and shall remain faithful
  to thy pledged word.
• Thou shalt be generous, and give largess to
  everyone.
• Thou shalt be everywhere and always the champion
  of the Right and the Good against Injustice and
  Evil.

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Courtly Love

• System of attitudes, myths and etiquette
• Governed the real and idealized behavior of
  knights and their ladies
• System of admiration and courtship
• Idea that a noble man would dedicate his life to
  the love of a lady
• Such a love could not exist within marriage
• Standards of etiquette and custom varied
• Chaste or Platonic admiration
• Intention of consummation expressed
• Non-Christian tradition
• Alternative to the love of God and the Church
• Condemed by Church as heretical
• Spawned Romance literary genre
• Courtly love most commonly expressed in the
  compositions of the troubadours, and poets

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Courtly Love

• Andreas Capellanus 12th century author
• The Art of Courtly Love
• Stages of Courtly Love
• Attraction to the lady, usually via eyes/glance
• Worship of the lady from afar
• Declaration of passionate devotion
• Virtuous rejection by the lady
• Renewed wooing with oaths of virtue eternal
  fealty
• Moans of approaching death from unsatisfied
  desire (and other physical manifestations of
  lovesickness)
• Heroic deeds of valor which win the lady's heart
• Consummation of the secret love
• Endless adventures and subterfuges avoiding
  detection

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Arthurian Romance

• Gained great popularity in the 12th century
• Appears as the ideal of kingship both in war and
  peace
• Cultural icon of a idealized British past
• Arthur gathered the Knights of the Round Table
  (Lancelot, Gawain, Galahad) at his court at
  Camelot
• Arthur's knights engaged in fabulous quests ad
  advnetures, such as the quest for the Holy Grail
• Geoffrey of Monmouth - first major popularization
  of Arthurian legend in History of the Kings of
  Britain
• Also wrote The Prophecies of Merlin Life of
  Merlin
• Chrétien de Troyes, French poet -12th century
• love story of Lancelot for Guinevere
• Historical Arthur
• Romano-British leader fighting against the
  invading Anglo-Saxons - 5th century and early 6th
  century
• Celtic sagas and poetry tell of a warrior named
  Arthur
• In 1191, monks of Glastonbury Abbey announced
  that they had found the burial site of Arthur and
  Guinevere

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The Holy Grail

• Dish, plate or cup used by Jesus at the Last
  Supper, said to possess miraculous powers
• May combine Christian lore with Celtic myth
• Important segment of the Arthurian cycle
• Grail literature divides into two classes
• King Arthurs knights visiting the Grail castle
  or questing after the object
• Must be pure of heart
• Grails history in the time of Joseph of
  Arimathea
• Grail romances started in France
• Appeared first in works by Chrétien de Troyes
• Related to crusading spirit of time
• Early Grail romances centered on Percival
  Galahad
• Hero must prove himself worthy to be in its
  presence
• Robert de Boron (1191 - 1202)
• Story of Joseph of Arimathea acquiring the
  chalice of the Last Supper
• Two schools of thought concerning Grail's origin
• Derived from early Celtic myth and folklore
• Began as a purely Christian symbol
• Other interpretation
• Jesus Bloodline in modern Europe Mary Magdalene

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Reform in the Church

• The Churchs spiritual and secular authority
  influenced every facet of life
• Beginning of the 11th cen.- the Church largest
  landowner in Europe Up to a third of all land
• Controlled kings and emperors
• Church reformers scrutinized Churchs involvement
  in temporal affairs
• Called for ending simony accepting bribes in
  order to receive Church offices
• Establishment of celibacy for the clergy
• Power of the papacy continued to grow
• Leo X proclaimed the absolute primacy of St.
  Peter in 1050
• Great Schism - Leo X broke with the Eastern
  Orthodox Church in 1054
• Pope supreme over the patriarchs

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Reform in the Church

• Investiture Controversy - between 1073 and 1085
• Monarchs choose high church officials in their
  realm
• Pope Nicholas II 1059 Establishes selection
  by College of Cardinals
• Struggle between Henry IV Gregory VII
• Gregory VII, brought an end to lay investiture
• 1077 Henry comes to Canossa
• Pax Dei (Peace of God)
• In 1040 pope tried to curtail continuous state of
  warfare by declaring a placed women, children
  travelers and priests under papal protection
• Banned fighting between Wednesday night and
  Monday morning and on holy days
• Left only 90 days a year for warfare
• Did not stop warfare
• Cult of the Virgin Mary eclipsed the veneration
  of individual saints
• Given mediator role between sinful humanity and
  Jesus
• Many cathedrals dedicated to Notre Dame or Our
  Lady

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Gothic Architecture

• Style originated at the abbey church of
  Saint-Denis in Saint-Denis, near Paris
• Theological message
• Great glory of God versus the smallness and
  insignificance of the mortal being
• Elements
• Flying buttresses
• Pointed arch
• Larges stained-glass windows
• Inventive sculpture saints gargoyles

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Gothic Architecture
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New Monastic Orders

• Dedicated to living simple, austere existences
• Obedient to Pope
• Rejected life in the monasteries
• Work directly with people
• Fought against heretics
• Mendicant orders - 13th century
• Dedicated to life of poverty
• Sought to assist the poor
• Cistercians c. 1100 Founded by St. Bernard of
  Clairaux
• By 1153 at least 343 chapter houses
• Franciscans
• Founded by St. Francis of Assisi
• known as the Grey Friars founded 1209
• Carmelites - Hermits of the Blessed Virgin Mary
  of Carmel
• known as the White Friars, founded 12061214
• Dominicans - Order of Preachers, founded 1217
• Emphasized preaching rather than poverty
• Trained in rhetoric to combat heretics with
  arguments
• Augustinians- Hermits of St. Augustine, founded
  1256

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Jews in Western Europe

• Jews very persecuted during Middle Ages
• The Church prohibited Christians from lending
  money at interest usury
• Jews became the Empires financial agents
• Urban IIs call for crusade in 1095 opened a
  period of persecution
• The first pogram against the Jews took place
  during this period
• 1096 1215 numerous persecutions of Jews
• 1103 Henry IV denied Jews the right to bear
  arms
• Only freemen could bear arms co Jews were
  considered as unfree
• 1215 Fourth Lateran Council prohibited Jews
  from holding office
• Designated certain clothes to wear as well as
  areas in which Jews were allowed to live
  ghettos
• 1306 Jews were expelled from France

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Heretical Movements

• Mass movements that questioned church doctrines
• Beginning in the 11th century
• Originated in the newly urbanized areas such as
  southern France and northern Italy
• Church reaction was to eliminate some and
  integrate others
• Catharism - movement with Gnostic elements
• Also called Albigensians
• Dualists believed that historical events were the
  result of struggle between a good evil
• The Albigensian Crusade launched by Pope Innocent
  III in 1209
• Brutal massacres Kill them all God will
  know his own
• Waldensians
• Valdes of Lyons
• Opposed to corruption of the Church
• Inquisition established in 13th century
• Persecution and torture to identify heresy

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Europe on the Eve of the Crusades
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The Crusades

• Series of military campaigns conducted in the
  name of Christendom
• Primary goal to recapture Jerusalem the Holy
  Land from Muslims
• Combined pilgrimage with holy war
• Franks vs. Saracens
• 9 primary crusades - 1095 to 1291
• Usually sanctioned by the Pope
• Unleashed wave of impassioned, personally felt
  pious Christian fury
• Mostly unsuccessful expeditions
• Different cultural interpretations
• Western - heroism, faith and honour
• Islamic invasion, barbarian savagery
  and brutality
• Living memory in Muslim world of today

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Causes of the Crusades

• In 1009, the Fatimid caliph al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah
  sacked the pilgrimage hospice in Jerusalem and
  destroyed the Church of the Holy Sepulchre
• Reports began to circulate in the West about
  cruelty of Muslims toward Christian pilgrims
• Pleas from the Byzantine Emperors
  threatened under by the Seljuk Turks
• Emperor wants to resore land to empire
• Outlet for intense religious piety of the
  late 11th century among public
• Dying for the cause led to salvation.
• Investiture Controversy awakened public
  interest in religious affairs
• Opportunity to increase power of papacy by
  reuniting Christian world and bringing East under
  control

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Palestine before the Crusades

• Muslim presence in the Holy Land
• Arab conquest of Palestine in the 7th century
• Many independent city-states
• Many Christians in Syria, Lebanon, Palestine,
  and Egypt
• Pilgrimes allowed to travel to Christian holy
  sites
• Previous territory ruled by Byzantine Empire
• Want to recapture the lost lands
• Seljuq Turks
• Recent converts to Islam from Central Asia

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First Crusade

• Byzantine emperor Alexius I calls for help
• 1095 - Council of Clermont
• Pope Urban II
• Call for Christians to join a war against the
  Turks Just war
• Return the Holy Lands to Christian control
• The frenzy of the barbarians has devastated the
  churches in the east, and has even shame to say
  seized into slavery the holy city of Christ,
  Jerusalem.
• Unite European Christians in a common cause
• Crusaders guaranteed ticket to heaven
• Remission of sins
• Subject the Eastern orthodox churches to Rome
• 1096 Armies from France, Germany Italy set
  out led by Norman nobles
• 1099 - take Jerusalem by assault and massacred
  population
• Four small Crusader states created
• Edessa, Tripoli, Antioch and Jerusalem

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Sacking of Jerusalem
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Knights Templar

• Poor Knights of Jesus Christ
• Took vows of poverty, chastity obedience
• Devoted to war guarded pilgrim routes
• Camped on Temple Mount
• Gained support of Bernard of Clairvaux
• By 1196 string of Templar castles in Holy Land
• Fearless warriors 20,000 died during crusades
• Mistrusted by other crusaders
• Many rumors about secret religious rites
• Became enormously wealthy and powerful
• 900 Templar castles across medieval world
• Answered to no one except the pope
• Became prominent bankers of age
• Ambitions to create their own nation in Europe?
• King Phillip IV of France
• Destroys all power on Friday April 13, 1307

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Second Crusade,11451149

• Muslims conquered the town of Edessa
• New crusade was called for by pope and various
  preachers
• Bernard of Clairvaux
• French and German armies, under the Kings Louis
  VII and Conrad III
• Wife, Eleanor of Aquitaine
• Returned home without major successes
• Strategically foolish attack on Damascus
• Encouraged resolve of Muslims

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Saladin

• Known as greatest Muslim warrior
• Reputation for nobility
• Greatly respected in West Chivalrous
• Kurdish from Tikrit, in present day Iraq
• Founded the Ayyubid dynasty
• Powerbase in Egypt and Syria
• Eliminates all rivals through war intrigue
• Unites Muslim forces to confront Crusader
  kingdoms
• Portays himself as champion of Islam against
  Western invaders
• 1187 defeats crusaders at Battle of Hattin
• Captures Jerusalem without fight
• Spares inhabitants

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Third Crusade

• Known as the Kings' Crusade
• Pope Gregory VIII called for a crusade
• Philip II of France, Richard I of England and
  Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor - Barbarosa
• 1189 100,00 soldiers depart
• Frederick drowned in Cilicia in 1190
• Philip left in 1191 capture of Acre
• Richard the Lion-Hearted
• Courageous soldier
• Defeated the Muslims near Arsuf
• In sight of Jerusalem
• 1192 - Established a truce with Saladin
• Jerusalem left in Muslim hands

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Fourth Crusade

• Initiated in 1202 by Pope Innocent III
• Intention of invading the Holy Land through Egypt
  
• The Venetians gained control of this crusade and
  to Constantinople
• Attempted to place a Byzantine exile on the
  throne
• Crusaders sacked the city in 1204
• Short-lived Latin emperor

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Legacy of the Crusades

• The need to raise, transport and supply large
  armies led to a flourishing of trade throughout
  Europe
• Opened Europe to Islamic culture, learning, ideas
  and products
• Helped bring on the Renaissance
• Islamic world has cultural memory of cruel and
  savage onslaughts by European Christians
• Strengthened Kings or Central Powers
• Instituted anti-Semitism toward Jews and
  persecution of heretics