FIGHTING THE COLD WAR

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FIGHTING THE COLD WAR

• 1945-1960
• Presidents Truman and Eisenhower

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COLD WAR (1945-1989)

• A period of tension between the USA and USSR
  following World War Two
• GOAL to avoid war and use of nuclear weapons
• USA USSR
• -Capitalism -Communism
• -Democracy -Dictatorship
• Each superpower wants other countries to follow
  its example (Democracies vs. Communist nations)

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In the USSR During the period 1951 to 1955 the
number of rural and city schools will increase by
approx. 70 when compared to a previous five year
period.
In the USA 1 of the budget is spent on
education and 74 on military spending. There are
more than 10 million illiterate children.
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Harry S Truman (1945-1953)

• Became President when FDR died
• Made decision to drop nuclear weapons on Japan
• Began Cold War for USA

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A. STRATEGIES

• 1. Containment stop Communism from spreading to
  other countries
• a. Truman Doctrine (1947) the U.S. will act to
  help any country stop a Communist takeover
• b. Marshall Plan (1947) US sent 14 billion to
  rebuild European countries. To get the money,
  Europe agreed to spend it on US goods
• BENEFITS OF MARSHALL PLAN
• a. Boost to U.S. economy (we made !)
• b. Most of Europe stayed democratic

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• Germany officially divided into 2 countries
• -Western Germany (Democratic, U.S. ally)
• -Eastern Germany (Communist, Soviet satellite)

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ACTIONS

• Berlin Soviets blockaded the city to keep the
  Allies out (AlliesWest Berlin)
• 1. Berlin Airlift (1948) Truman ordered supplies
  flown into W. Berlin
• Avoided war with Soviets
• Made Soviets look bad (trying to starve W.
  Berliners)
• 1949 Soviets lift blockade

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2. NATO Formed, 1950

• North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 1950
  Military alliance between U.S., Canada, 10
  European countries
• An armed attack against oneshall be considered
  an attack against them all (President Truman).
• Warsaw Pact (1955) Soviet Union formed military
  alliance with Eastern European satellites

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F. Korean War, 1950

• 1949 China falls to Communism Truman criticized
  for not using military to prevent this
• 1950 N. Korea (Communist) invades S. Korea
  (Democratic).
• Truman orders U.S. forces to Korea, U.N. member
  nations send troops. N. Korea controls all but
  Pusan in South Korea. U.S. and U.N. fight back.
• SUCCESS By end of 1950, U.S. and U.N. forces
  controlled all of Korea (up to border with China)

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• LIMITED WAR avoid using nuclear weapons
• Gen. MacArthur orders U.S. troops across into
  China, going for total war over Communism
• China sends 300,000 soldiers, US has to retreat
• Truman removes MacArthur from command total war
  could lead to use of nuclear weapons
• War ends in tie (1953) Korea stays divided at
  38th parallel

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http//mn-media.discoveryeducation.com/pmp/videos/
wm/300k/8VH7129D_300k.wmv
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Dwight D. Eisenhower (1952-1960)

• Popular due to his role in WWII (planned D-Day
  invasion of France)
• Promised to go to Korea himself to end that war
• GOAL Ease tensions and avoid war with Soviets

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STRATEGIES

• Massive Retaliation If USSR attacked any nation,
  US would launch nuclear attack by means and at
  places of our own choosing.
• Brinksmanship Actions by US and USSR aimed at
  getting what they want but staying just on the
  brink of war
• Space Race both USA and USSR want to be first to
  send a ship into space
• Sputnik Soviets launched the first man-made
  satellite in 1957?threat to US
• USA starts NASA to create better space program
  than the Soviets

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ACTIONS

• Chance for Peace Speech Eisenhower first
  reached out to USSR to try to avoid nuclear war
• Military-Industrial Complex buildup of military
  forces and technology
• -Space Race -Creation of NASA -Increased Math
  and Science Ed
• Covert Operations Special forces (CIA, Green
  Berets, Army Rangers, Navy Seals) used instead of
  troops
• CIA and other special forces sent to build pro-US
  governments in places like Iran, Vietnam, and
  Cuba
• GOAL stop Communism before it starts

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ACTIONS (continued)

• Operation AJAX (1953)
• 1. New leader, Mossadegh, elected in Iran.
  Promised to restrict U.S. and Britains acces to
  Irans oil.
• 2. U.S. sent in CIA, who trained and organized
  Iranians and overthrew Mossadegh. Brought back
  the Shah, who ruled as a dictator for 25 years.

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ACTIONS (continued)

• U-2 Incident

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JOHN F. KENNEDY (JFK)

• Elected 1960
• First President born in 20th Century (1917)
• Inaugural Address Let the word go forth from
  this time and place, to friend and foe alike,
  that the torch has been passed to a new
  generation of Americans
• Let every nation knowthat we shall pay any
  price, bear any burden, meet any hardship,
  support any friend, oppose any foe to ensure the
  survival and the success of liberty.

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THE SPACE RACE

• CAUSE USSR had ICBMs (Missile Gap), also 1961
  launched first man into orbit (Yuri Gagarin)
• JFKs ACTION Set goal of U.S. putting a man on
  the moon by the end of the 1960s
• EFFECT Alan Shepard became first American in
  space (1 month after Gagarin), 1962 John Glenn
  first American to orbit Earth, 1969 Neil
  Armstrong first person to walk on the moon.

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TOP LEFT Alan Shepard, 1961 / TOP RIGHT John
Glenn, 1962BELOW Moon Landing, 1969 (Nixons
presidency)
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BERLIN WALL

• CAUSE West Berlinshowcase of democracy, East
  Germans rushed there to escape to West Germany
  (democratic)
• EVENT 1961 E.German troops built concrete wall
  between W. and E. Berlin
• JFKs ACTION Traveled to W. Berlin in 1963, gave
  speech All free menare citizens of
  Berlintherefore, I take pride in the words,
  Ich bin ein Berliner!

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BAY OF PIGS INVASION, 1961

• CAUSE Cubaelected Communist dictator Fidel
  Castro, who allied with USSR.
• JFKs ACTION CIA trained small force of Cuban
  rebels to overthrow Castro. JFK ordered Bay of
  Pigs Invasion, CIA-trained Cubans unable to link
  up with rebels in Cuba. JFK canceled U.S. Air
  Force support, leaving Cubans on their own.
• EFFECT Invasion failed, Castro sees U.S. as
  enemy

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CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS, 1962

• CAUSE U-2 spy plane snaps pictures of
  Soviet-built missile bases in Cuba.
• JFKs ACTION Announces military quarantine of
  Cuba. U.S. Navy blockades all Soviet ships bound
  for Cuba.
• EFFECT Soviets sent ships with nuclear missiles
  bound for Cuba. Headed straight for U.S. Navy
  blockade. Fears of WWIII.

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CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS (contd)

• RISK OF WAR 180 U.S. warships and bomber planes
  with nuclear weapons sent to Cuba. Soviet ships
  headed for Cuba with nuclear missiles to install
  in Cuban bases.
• NEGOTIATIONS
• a) Khrushchev told JFK he would stop the Soviet
  ships if JFK removed US missiles in Turkey. JFK
  refused.
• b) Khrushchev ordered Soviet ships to turn around
  just before reaching US Naval blockade.
• EFFECTS OF CRISIS
• Arms Race USSR humiliated, launched nuclear
  weapons buildup
• Negotiation Direct phone line from USA to USSR,
  learned importance of negotiation instead of
  threats

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VIETNAM, 1963

• CAUSE North Vietnam taken over by Communist
  leader Ho Chi Minh. Truman and Eisenhower had
  sent support to anti-Communist government in
  South Vietnam, led by Ngo Dinh Diem.
• JFKs ACTION Send US special forces as military
  advisers to train S.V. army. Also pressure Diem
  to help S.V. people more.
• EFFECT Diem took US money, but did not make
  reforms. S.V. army officers assassinated Diem
  and seized control of government.

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1) Who Am I?

• I started the Cold War for the USA. I also was
  the only President to order the USE of an atomic
  bomb. But, I believed in fighting only LIMITED
  WARS, to avoid the use of nuclear weapons in the
  future.

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2) Who Am I?

• I sounded Tough when I said we would use the
  threat of Massive Retaliation with nuclear
  weapons. But I really just wanted to use it to
  stop the Soviets from spreading Communism. When
  it came to containing Communism in other
  countries, I used the CIA to overthrow the
  government, like in Iran with Operation AJAX.

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3) Who Am I?

• I was the one who started the containment
  strategy for the USA. I ordered supplies flown
  into West Berlin, to get around the blockade the
  Soviets put up. And I also started US
  involvement in the Korean War.

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4) Who Am I?

• I tried to stop the spread of Communism in Asia.
  When the East Germans built the Berlin Wall, I
  spoke out for the freedom of people who wanted to
  leave East Germany. Oh yeahI had some troubles
  with Cuba.

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5) Who Am I?

• I wanted to achieve peace with the Soviets. So I
  held the Geneva Peace Conference, and asked them
  if they would agree to the Open Skies program.
  That way, both the USA and USSR could see how
  many weapons the other guy had. Khrushchev said
  NO, but I spied on him anyway.

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6) Who Am I?

• I had a big failure as my first event in trying
  to contain Communism in Cuba. But then I used
  the US Navy to stop the Soviets from installing
  nuclear missiles in Cuba, which was a big win.
  But Vietnam was a little tougher to deal with

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7) Who Am I?

• I got a little worried when the Soviets launched
  Sputnik, the first man-made satellite to orbit
  the Earth. What I was really worried about was
  the ICBM they used to launch Sputnik! That thing
  could be tipped with a nuclear bomb and launched
  on the USA! So I started NASA to try to get the
  USA to win the Space Race.