Title: The Cold War
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2The Cold War
3Definition
- Cold War describes the conflict between the
USSR and the Western Powers in the period
following WWII - Period of tension characterized by conflict at
diplomatic, economic, and all levels short of
actual armed conflict between the principals on
either side.
4Origins
- Fear of spread of communism following WWI (Red
Scare) still strong - After Battle of Stalingrad (Turning pt. of WWII)
and D-Day thoughts began to turn to dealing with
post-war realities
5Every granule of Soviet soil must be stubbornly
defended to the last drop of blood.
- Hitlers loss at Stalingrad in early 1943
symbolized a shift in morale that pushed the
Allies on the road to victory - 300,000 Germans 500,000 Russians died in the
Stalingrad Streetfighting Academy
"We will defend the city or die".
6Breakdown of wartime co-operation between the
Allies
Roosevelt had idealistic aims
four freedoms f. from want, f. of speech, f. of religious belief, and f. from fear
Stalin had more concrete aims
regaining of Russian territory lost in WWI, control over E.E. for SECURITY
7- Feb 4-11, 1945 Yalta Conference Churchill,
FDR, and Stalin meet agree Stalin could control
countries of Eastern Europe though Stalin
promises to hold elections in occupied countries
(Korea was divided at 38th II) - Roosevelt had to secure Russian assistance in
ending war with Japan
8Animosity Builds
- The Soviets believed that the United States
purposefully delayed starting a 2nd Front
(Normandy) so as to allow the Russians to take
the load of the fighting ensuring their
interests.
9POLAND?
- Eastern Europe provided the scene for conflict.
How the question of Poland would be decided would
set the precedent for Eastern European
governments
10Soviet Policy Toward Poland?
- Nazi-Soviet Pact 1939 extinguished Polish
independence - News leaked of Katyn Woods Massacre Soviets
killed over 4000 Polish officers in 1940 - Stalin broke with Polish government-in-exile in
London and supported a group of Polish Communists
in Lublin in 1943 - Stalin did nothing to stop the Nazis from
brutally suppressing the 1944 Warsaw Uprising,
organized by the London Poles, despite the Red
Army was on the outskirts of the capital - Stalin claimed 1/3 of Poland after war
11POLAND?
- Allied supported gov. in exile in London
- Soviet supports Lublin gov.
- Truman takes a hard line refusing to lend money
to Russia w/o free democratic elections in Poland - Russia refuses and announces 5-Year Plan
- Results Poles would never elect a pro-Soviet
government so Stalin imposed one. - Cost Permanently resentful Poland
- America and Britain become untrusting of Stalin
- FDR Stalin has broken everyone of his promises
at Yalta.
12Resentment Fosters
- July 17 Aug. 2 Potsdam Conference
- Truman, Churchill, and Stalin meet
- Stalin cuts off East Germany
13I can deal with Stalin. He is honest-but smart
as hell.
14The turning point of WWII and the symbolic
beginning of the Cold War occurred at the Battle
of
- Lenigrad
- Moscow
- Stalingrad
- Berlin
15Which was NOT a provision of the Yalta Conference?
- divided Germany into occupation zones
- guaranteed Poles a broader based democratic
government - gave Soviet Union control of Eastern Europe
- Soviet Union promised to enter war against Japan
16Stop babying the Soviets.
17- Picture a bright blue ball, just spinning,
spinnin free,Dizzy with eternity.Paint it with
a skin of sky,Brush in some clouds and sea,Call
it home for you and me.A peaceful place or so it
looks from space,A closer look reveals the human
race.Full of hope, full of graceIs the human
face,But afraid we may lay our home to waste. -
- There's a fear down here we can't forget.Hasn't
got a name just yet.Always awake, always
around,Singing ashes, ashes, all fall
down.Ashes, ashes, all fall down. -
-
-
18- Now watch as the ball revolvesAnd the nighttime
falls.Again the hunt begins,Again the bloodwind
calls.By and by, the morning sun will rise,But
the darkness never goesFrom some men's eyes.It
strolls the sidewalks and it rolls the
streets,Staking turf, dividing up
meat.Nightmare spook, piece of heat,It's you
and me.You and me. - Click flash blade in ghetto night,Rudies
looking for a fight.Rat cat alley, roll them
bones.Need that cash to feed that jones.And the
politicians throwin' stones,Singing ashes,
ashes, all fall down.Ashes, ashes, all fall down.
19- BridgeCommissars and pin-stripe bossesRoll
the dice.Any way they fall,Guess who gets to
pay the price.Money green or proletarian
gray,Selling guns 'stead of food today. -
- So the kids they danceAnd shake their
bones,And the politicians throwin'
stones,Singing ashes, ashes, all fall
down.Ashes, ashes, all fall down. -
- Heartless powers try to tell usWhat to
think.If the spirit's sleeping, Then the flesh
is inkHistory's page will thus be carved in
stone.And we are here, and we are on our ownOn
our own.On our own.On our own.
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21Germany to be divided into zones of occupation
22Stalin Stands Strong on Eastern Europe
Satellite Nations Countries Dominated by the
Soviet Union
23An Iron Curtain
- 1946 Winston Churchill, recently defeated as
Prime Minister by Clement Attlee, gave a speech - A shadow has fallen upon the scenes so lately
lighted by the Allied victories. . . . From
Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic,
an iron curtain descended across the continent. - In the West, Iron Curtain becomes a symbol of
communism
24The Soviets extended their sphere of influence in
Eastern Europe by establishing
- doctrines
- communism
- satellite governments
- dictatorships
25What will Americas Policy be Following the War?
- Advice from Advisors
- Ambassador Harriman certain elements around
Stalin misinterpreted our generosity and our
desire to cooperate as an indication of softness,
so that the Soviet government could do as it
pleased without risking challenge from the United
States. . We must stand firm. - They need American economic aid to reconstruct
their country. We may use this a carrot to get
what we want.
26- Advice from George Kennan Be realistic and
recognize both sides have a sphere of influence.
We should accept this but contain further
spreading of their ideology.
27- Advice from others
- Sec of War Stimson Must take Russian need for
security serious - Sec of Navy James Forrestal We had better have
a showdown with them now rather than later. - George Marshall Lets keep our ties with Russia
open until after we defeat Japan. - Admiral William Leahy Dont expect the Soviets
to sponsor free elections
28Long-term, patient but firm and vigilant
containment of Russian expansive
tendencies. - George F. Kennan
- Containment policy to stop the spread of
communism that underlined all US policies
following WWII
29Making Containment Work!
30The United States met the Soviet expansion
attempt with a policy of designed to limit the
spread of communism.
- Berlin Airlift
- Containment
- Satellite government
- Iron Curtain
31The United Nations
Collective Security
Established in 1945 to secure peace
General Assembly Each member nation had 1 rep.
- Security Council had 5 permanent members (U.S.,
G.B., France, Soviet Union, and China) each with
the power of veto
32Stalin had his eyes on the Med. and the South
- Keep Troops in North Iran (they were stationed
there during WWII to protect the oil from
Germany.)
2. Obtain base in Turkey to control the Straits
3. Obtain base in formally Italian controlled
North Africa to control Eastern Med.
33Stalin Had Gone Too Far!!!
- Truman and Atlee denied the demand for Turkish
bases while moving the U.S. 6th Fleet into the
Eastern Med. - Brought the question of N. Iran to the UN
Security Council
What will Stalins reaction be?
34Reaction to Great Britain declaring they could
not support Greece and Turkey
- It now must be the policy of the United States
to support free peoples who are resisting
attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by
outside pressures. We must assist free peoples
to work out their own destinies in their own way.
35Truman Doctrine 1947
400 million in economic aid to Greece and Turkey
Truman hoped to stop spread of communism
Soviet P.O.V.
361947, George C. Marshall visited Stalin in Moscow
- All the way back to Washington, he talked of
the importance of finding some initiative to
prevent the complete breakdown of Western Europe.
37Marshall Plan - 1947
- Massive Aid package that offered food and
economic assistance to European countries - To strengthen democracies
Stalins Reaction
38Yugoslavia Josef Tito breaks from Stalin,
though still communist
- The U.S. sent economic assistance
- The Yugoslav dictator might be a
son-of-a-bitch, the new Secretary of State Dean
Acheson acknowledged in 1949, but he was now our
son-of-a-bitch.
39Berlin Airlift
- Stalins resentment of Western countries
rebuilding of Germany led him to caught off
Berlin from supplies - U.S. airlifted food and supplies to people
40NATO vs. the Warsaw Pact
- 1949 North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
formed as a military alliance pledged to help one
another if one of them was attacked - 1955 Warsaw Pact formed military alliance of
USSR and its satellites of Eastern Europe
41The Office of Strategic Services (OSS) defunded
- 1947 National Security Act establishes the CIA
- - coordinate the nations intelligence
activities and correlating, evaluating and
disseminating intelligence affecting national
security
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43Which of the following was NOT a part of the
Marshall Plan?
- Promote European economic recovery
- stop the spread of communism
- cede control of Eastern Europe to Soviets
- aid to US economy by rebuilding European trade
and markets
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45How did the Soviet victory at the Battle of
Stalingrad alter the foreign policy thinking of
the United States?
- From that point on in the war, Roosevelt and
Truman had to design foreign policy around not
just defeating Germany and Japan but on dealing
with Russia as well.
History Connection
46When did the Cold War Start?
- Historians debate the true start of the Cold
War, but through applying our knowledge we could
argue the following - With the dropping of the Atomic Bomb
- With the defeat of Germany in Europe
- With the defeat of the Germans at Stalingrad
in 1943
Which one do you think?
47History Connection
- Remember, Stalin was allied with the Nazis at
the beginning of the war Nazi-Soviet Pact 1939
and only when Hitler turned on him did Russia
join the Allies.
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49- Do not worry, he reassured his foreign
minister, Molotov. We can implement it in our
own way later.
50The Policy Makers
- Consider the following question
- What policy will the Soviet Union enforce in the
country of Poland? - Use information from your knowledge of the Yalta
Conference and Russias previous actions toward
Poland to support your decision. - Share your decision with your partner.
- Share your decision with the class.
51Stalin was told on July 24 of A-Bomb test at
Trinity
52Russians Upset that Allies Received 2/3 of
Germany but Sink Their Own Ship
- Problems arose with Soviet treatment of East
Germans to alienate all Germans - Extracted reparations on an indiscriminate scale
- Raped over 2 million German women
- Stalin believed Germans would eventually seek to
unite under communism as Marxian worker
revolution came to fruition.
Instead
53The Soviet Point of View of the Truman Doctrine
54Stalin found his military overstretched and
ordered a quiet withdrawal from Iran
55Offered to Soviet Union Stalin saw it as trick
Marshall Plan