The Asian World in 1700

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• The Asian World in 1700
• Chapter 22 p. 482

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European Trade With Asia

• Using superior naval technology, the Portuguese
  were able to establish a trade network in the
  Indian Ocean by 1507
• By the later 1500s, the Dutch, French, and the
  English had driven out the Portuguese
• The Dutch took control of the Spice Islands
  (modern Indonesia)
• The French and English concentrated on India

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European Missionaries

• Roman Catholic Christianity was introduced into
  the Philippines by the Spanish, where it merged
  with local animistic beliefs and traditions
• Elsewhere in Asia, Christianity became a minority
  religion

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Philippine Folk Altar
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Ming China 1368-1644

• Oldest, largest, and richest civilization
• Part of the world economy, but foreign trade was
  only a small part of the Chinese economy
• Silk, porcelain, and cotton were major exports,
  with tea becoming increasingly important

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Ming Chinas Economic Impact on the World

• Ming China used silver as its monetary metal
• The Single Whip tax on all Chinese had to be paid
  in silver
• Therefore, Ming China was a major importer of
  silver in exchange for trade goods
• The largest source of silver was the Americas

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Ming Chinas Agricultural Revolution

• New World crops such as corn, peppers, and the
  sweet potato were introduced to China
• Crop rotation
• Massive reforestation
• Chinas population grew from 65 million in 1400
  to 300 million by 1800

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Ming Chinas Commercial Revolution

• Population growth led to increased urbanization
• Small businesses specialized in porcelain, tea,
  silk, cotton, and paper manufacturing
• European trade with Ming China was tightly
  controlled by the Chinese government, which was
  wary of foreign influence

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Decline and Fall of the Ming

• Little Ice Age related climate problems were
  especially severe in the early 1600s
• Incompetent emperors were unable to help
• Famine and natural disasters led to peasant
  rebellions
• In 1644 the Manchus invaded, destroyed the Ming,
  and established the Qing Dynasty

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• Japan

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Japan 1450-1750

• Ca 1467-1600 Warring States period no central
  leadership (Emperor only ceremonial)
• 1543 Portuguese traders arrived in southern
  Japan. Other Europeans followed
• Portuguese and other Europeans served as
  middlemen, carrying goods between Japan and China

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Territorial dispute today

• Senkaku Islands

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Christianity in Japan

• Catholic missionaries led by Francis Xavier
  arrived beginning in 1549
• Christianity had great appeal in Japan, and many
  converted, especially on island of Kyushu
• Japanese converts traveled to Europe to meet the
  Pope

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Japans reaction to European contact

• Fascination with the nanbanjin
• Intense interest in learning about and from the
  Europeans
• Large amount of trade between Japanese and
  Europeans

Jesuits in Japan p.501
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Tokugawa Ieyasu

• By 1598, had managed to unify Japan under his
  rule
• Tokugawa Shogunate 1598-1868
• Distrusted Europeans and Christians as
  potentially disloyal to his rule
• Restrictions placed on European traders and
  missionaries
• Japanese Christians were persecuted

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Sakoju Jidai National Seclusion

• By mid 1600s all European traders were banned
  except the Dutch
• Dutch traders were only allowed in Nagasaki
• Japanese were not allowed to travel abroad, and
  foreigners were forbidden to enter
• Christianity was suppressed

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The Tokugawa Shogunate

• Centralized government under Confucian principles
• Four social classes
• Samurai
• Farmers
• Artisans
• Merchants

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The Tokugawa Shogunate

• Urbanization, with three major cities Edo,
  Kyoto, Osaka
• Rice was the staple crop
• Urban areas had many small businesses and
  industries
• Confucianist schools allowed most men and some
  women to become literate
• Dutch studies group studied European books in
  Nagasaki

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Theme 1

• The West expansion as an international power
• Spain
• Portugal
• Holland
• Great Britain
• France
• Internal transformations
• Nomadic impact no longer a factor in world
  dynamics replaced by diplomatic contacts
  (recognized importance of consistent interchange)

Europeans
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Theme 2

• World boundaries changed due to colonial
  development and large land empires
• the West
• Russia
• Ottomans
• Africa

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Theme 3

• Human diseases became international
• Massive exchanges of animals/plants
• Food exchanges
• Unequal global relations between the West and
• Latin America, India, Indonesia
• Gunpowder technology created land empires
• Cannons, Muskets,
• Western innovations/previous Chinese technology
  gave the West the control of sea lanes, ports,
  and islands
• Labor systems were now global as well as local

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Theme 4

• Gender differences saw no changes
• New social hierarchies influenced by
• Slavery
• Serfdom

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Summary of Major Developments In The Early
Modern Period

• The Early Modern Period was distinguished by
  changes through two major trends
• Western expansion
• Intensification and globalization of world
  commerce networks

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