A New World Order;

1

• A New World Order
• Towards the Turn of the Century

2
New Technologies and the World Economy
3
Railroads

• Steam engines
• By 1850, almost every industrializing country had
  begun to build lines
• Gr. Britain, France, Germany, Canada, Russia,
  Japan
• Required a lot of land and used a lot of timber
• Caused cities to grow
• Opened up new land to agriculture and mining

4
Steamships and Telegraph Cables

• Improvements made steamships more cost efficient
• 1830 initially too costly but developed steel
  and iron for hulls, propellers instead of paddle
  wheels, more powerful engines
• shipping lines moved people, mail and goods on
  scheduled liners
• 1869 Suez Canal connected the Mediterranean to
  the Red Sea

5
The Steel and Chemical Industries

• Steel becomes versatile and inexpensive
• By 1870 Steel cost 1/10th of what it did before
• Steel production
• 1870-1/2 million tons 1900- 28 million tons
• Led to rails, ships, and tin cans
• Chemical industry
• late 1700s chlorine bleach, soda and sulfuric
  acid were manufactured on a large scale
• explosives
• nitroglycerine made into dynamite
• used in mining and construction of railroads and
  canals
• useful to militaries

6

• Germany
• had the most advanced engineering and science
  institutes
• government encouraged and funded research and
  cooperation between institutes
• by 1900 the leading producer of dyes, drugs,
  synthetic fertilizers, ammonia, and nitrates
• Steel mills
• used lots of raw materials, took up a lot of
  space, polluted the air and ground
• Railroad locomotives and other steam engines
• railroads took up space and depleted forests, the
  engines polluted the air
• chemical plants pollutants dumped into rivers
• No government environmental regulations

7
World Trade and Finance

• World trade increased x10 from 1850-1913
• Europe imported
• wheat from India and the U.S.
• wool from Australia
• beef from Argentina
• Europe exported
• coal, railroad equipment, textiles, and machinery
  to Asia and the Americas

8

• Steamships were efficient and made freight cheap
• Capitalist economies were affected by each other
  and depression/recessions were felt globally
• 1870s-1880s Germany, the U.S. and other
  late-industrializing nations raised tariffs to
  protect their industries from British competition
  
• Great Britains unmatched power
• over half of the worlds shipping
• Br. financed industrialization in other nations

9
Social Changes
10
Population and Migrations

• 1850-1914 European population grew from 265
  million to 468 million
• faster than ever before or since
• drop in death rate, fertilizers increased crop
  production, refrigeration allowed people to store
  foods

11

• European migration
• to places like the U.S., New Zealand, Canada,
  Australia and Argentina
• Irish Famine 1847-1848
• Persecution of Jews in Russia
• Poverty and population growth in Italy, Spain,
  Poland, and Scandinavia
• Steamships and railroads made it cheaper and
  faster

12

• 1850-1910, the population of the U.S. nearly
  multiplied by four
• From 25 million to 98 million
• Asian Migration
• Indians went to Africa, Southeast Asia and
  tropical colonies of G. Britain
• Chinese to S.E. Asia and the East Indies
• Chinese and Japanese to California encountered
  hostility from European Americans

13
Urbanization and Urban Environments

• Urban populations by 1914
• Br. 80
• Gr. 60
• Fr. 45
• Cities grew larger
• Population growth, railroads, and industry
• Railroads brought goods and allowed people to
  live farther from the city

14

• New government regulations made life better for
  residents
• Pipe in clean water
• Pipe out sewage
• Electric lighting
• Police and fire protection
• Sanitation and garbage removal
• Health inspection
• Garbage removal
• Built schools and parks

15
Middle Class Womens Separate Sphere

• Victorian Age
• 1850-1901 in English speaking countries
• Queen Victoria (r. 1837-1901)
• Menmasculine, courageous and strong
• Womenbeautiful and kind
• Home a loving refuge from competitive capitalism

16

• separate spheres
• Men and women had different responsibilities
• Men went to work and relaxed at social clubs
• For women, raising children was the most
  important, running the household and spending the
  family money to increase the familys status
• Education
• Boys prepared for the business world
• Girls were taught music, embroidery, and drawing

17

• Middle class women at work?
• Only until they were married
• Only certain jobs
• Couldnt get professional jobs until after
  colleges allowed them to get degrees in the late
  1800s
• Women could become teachers

18

• Some women became activists against alcohol,
  prostitution and child labor
• others were fighting for womens rights
• Emmeline Pankhurst, Elizabeth Cady Stanton and
  Susan B. Anthony all demanded the right to vote.
• U.S. 1914 (12 states)
• Great Britain 1918

19
Working Class Women

• Majority of textile workers
• Worked in factories and had to keep the house and
  the children
• girls began working as domestics at 10
• worked 16 hours a day
• usually worked 6 ½ days a week
• Female factory workers earned 1/3 to 2/3 of mens
  wages
• If she had children, she had to work from home
• many did piecework
• children were forced to help

20
Socialism and Labor Movements
21
Marx and Socialism

• Karl Marx (1818-1883)
• German
• wrote the Communist Manifesto
• saw history as a long conflict between social
  classes
• saw business getting bigger and workers getting
  weaker
• felt this would lead to revolution and overthrow
  of the bourgeoisie
• he wanted a communist society without classes

22

• Socialism
• against private property
• want to help workers
• Labor unions formed to protect workers
• Labor unions
• wanted better wages, improved work conditions,
  insurance against illness, accidents, disability
  and old age
• governments encourage workers involvement in
  govt.
• universal male suffrage in Europe and North
  America

23

• 1875 Social Democratic Party of Germany
• became popular
• by 1912, had more seats in the Reichstag than any
  other party
• took part in the electoral process rather than
  revolution

24
The Great Powers of Europe 1871-1900
25
Germany at the Center of Europe

• Had the most powerful army
• Bismarck wanted to focus on peace
• loose coalition with Russia and Austria-Hungary
• he allowed all men to vote
• this put more socialists in the Reichstag
• imposed high tariffs on goods
• medical, unemployment, and disability insurance
  old age pensions
• Wilhelm II inherits the throne
• kicks out Bismarck
• wants colonies

26
The Liberal Powers France and Great Britain

• France, not the top dog anymore
• population not growing much
• slow growth of industry
• people divided
• monarchist/Catholics
• republican/anticlerical
• Great Britain
• successful Parliament with different parties
• income gap was narrowing
• Irish unhappy
• No feeling of nationalism because they were
  Catholic
• Economy
• Fell behind the U.S. and Germany
• preoccupied with empire

27
The Conservative Powers Russia and
Austria-Hungary

• Nationalism weakened these nations
• mixed ethnic groups and languages
• social differences
• both claim the Slavs
• the Balkans become the tinder box of Europe
• Russia
• only 45 spoke the Russian language
• hard to encourage nationalism
• hard to enforce laws
• 1905 elected a Duma (parliament) and a
  constitution following a loss to Japan

28
Japan Joins the Great Powers, 1865-1905
29
China, Japan, and the Western Powers, to 1867

• China
• resisted western influence
• became weaker
• Japan
• became an industrial and military power
• 1868 the Meiji Restoration
• encouraged industrialization, modernization and
  militarization
• western education dress
• industrialization was encouraged through
  conglomerates

30
The Birth of Japanese Imperialism, 1894-1905

• Why the change?
• defensive to protect Japan from western
  countries
• Yamagata Aritomo
• Meiji leader
• thought Japan needed a sphere of influence over
  Korea, Manchuria, and part of China
• big supporter of military industrialization
• battleships!

31

• Sino-Japanese War 1894
• Japan forced China to give up territories
• Western powers get nervous and help China
• China has to grant the west trade concessions
  like 90 treaty ports
• became a colonial power following the
  Russo-Japanese war in 1905.
• Japan gained Korea