AP World History Review: Human/Environment Interaction

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AP World History ReviewHuman/Environment
Interaction

• Mr. Millhouse
• AP World History
• Hebron High School

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Human/Environment Interaction

• This theme includes
• Demography Disease
• Demography is the statistical study of human
  populations
• Migrations
• Patterns of Settlement
• Technology

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Paleolithic Era Demography
Population growth during the Paleolithic Era was
relatively stagnant
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Paleolithic Era Migration
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Paleolithic Era Patterns of Settlement

• Hunter-Gatherers (Foragers)
• Men hunt and/or fish women gather fruits
• Follow migratory patterns of animals
• Need large portions of land to support themselves
• Life expectancy was 20 years or less
• Lived in groups of 20-30 people

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Paleolithic Era Technology
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Neolithic Era Technology

• Agriculture (10,000 BCE)
• Caused by climate change?
• Slash Burn
• Domestication of Animals
• Technology related to agriculture
• Irrigation, canals, etc.
• Bronze metallurgy
• People need nature nature needs people

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Neolithic Era Demography

• Effects of agriculture
• Increase in population
• Rise of disease
• Decline of life expectancy
• Environmental degradation
• Increase in pollution
• Increase in deforestation
• Increase in desertification

Intensive agriculture caused human population to
jump from 5-8 million to 60 to 70 million in
5,000 years
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New Patterns of Settlement

• Small village communities
• Pastoral societies
• Nomadic herders
• Rise of civilizations
• Mesopotamia (3500 BCE)
• Egypt (3000 BCE)
• Indus River (2500 BCE)
• China (2000 BCE)
• Olmec (1400 BCE)
• Chavin (900 BCE)

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Human Migration Indo-Europeans
Aryans
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Human Migration Polynesians
Bananas!
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Human Migration Bantu
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New Technology Iron

• Iron use begins 1500 BCE
• Effects of Iron
• Population growth
• Expansion of agriculture
• Growth of cities
• Expansion of civilization

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Patterns of Settlement Classical Era
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Classical Demography

• Spread of epidemic disease
• Smallpox, Justinian plague, etc.
• Population decreases dramatically
• Europe falls 50 between 200-600 CE
• Asias population falls from 170 to 135 million
  between 0-600 CE
• Contributes to the decline of classical empires

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Post-Classical Migration
Camels!
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Post-Classical Demography

• Population grows after 800 CE
• Technology
• Europe moldboard plow and three-field system
• China Champa rice terrace farming
• Africa Iron plow
• Aztecs Chinampas
• Spread of crops
• Rice, cotton, sugarcane, citrus fruits, etc.

End of a mini-Ice Age?
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Post-Classical Demography

• Urbanization
• Hangzhou1 million ppl.
• Paris275,000 people
• Italian cities
• Tenochtitlan
• Bubonic Plague
• Chinas population fell 50 from 1200-1400
• Europes population fell 33-50
• Population took only 100 years to rebound

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Spread of Civilization
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Spread of Civilization
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Demography 1450-1750 Americas

• Discovery of the Americas
• Decreased indigenous American population by as
  much as 90
• Replaced by two waves of migration
• African slave trade
• European colonization

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Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade
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Columbian Exchange
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Demography 1450-1750 China

• Chinas population tripled from 1650-1750
• Improved farming techniques
• Introduction of American crops (potatoes and
  corn)
• End of nomadic invasions

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Demography 1450-1750 Europe

• Urbanization
• Netherlands became 1st country with 50 urban
  population
• London50,000 in 1600 400,000 by 1650
• Paris200,000 in 1350 500,000 by 1700
• Agricultural Revolution
• Crop rotation and enclosures
• American crops (corn and potatoes)
• Population in every area of Europe increased by
  50-100 in the 18th century

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Industrial Revolution Resources
Cotton
Cotton
Cotton
Palm Oil
Rubber
Rubber
Rubber
Gold Diamonds
Gold
Meat
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Demography 1750-1914 Global
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Demography 1750-1914 Europe

• Tremendous population growth
• Improvements in food supply
• Application of science technology
• Improved seeds, fertilizer, livestock
• Refrigeration
• Industrial transportation eliminates famine
• Steamboat
• Creates a greater need for new energy sources
• Coal, electricity, gas, petroleum

Year Population in Millions of World Population
1750 141 19.3
1850 292 25.0
1900 482 30.0
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Demography 1750-1914 Europe

• Demographic transition
• High to low mortality
• High to low fertility
• Rapid urbanization
• Suburbanization
• Decline in urban mortality
• Urban sanitation
• Germ theory of disease

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European Migration from 1750

• 40 million Europeans emigrated to the two
  Americas, Australia, Asiatic Australia, South
  Africa, and other areas

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African Slave Trade after 1750

• Nearly two million Africans were shipped to the
  Americas between 1750 1870

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Demography 1750-1914 Asia

• Japanese population growth increased dramatically
  after 1850
• Provides labor for industrialization helps
  promote imperialism
• Asias population nearly doubled
• Chinas population went from 220 million to 435
  million
• Indias population went from 165 million to 290
  million

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Asian labor migration after 1750
Japan Over 500,000 to the Americas and Pacific
China Over 8 million emigrated to Southeast Asia
(Thailand-1.5 million Indonesia-2.8 million)
and the Americas
India Over 1 million emigrated as indentured
servants to South Africa Caribbean
U.S. limits immigration with Chinese Exclusion
Act Gentlemens Agreement
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Population Explosion of 20th Century

• Why?
• Introduction of new food crops (Columbian
  Exchange), colonialism ended local warfare,
  railroads cut down on famine, improved hygiene
  medicine, resistance to birth control, declining
  infant mortality rates

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Causes of Population Growth

• Public Health Measures
• Attacks on disease carrying insects
• Widespread vaccinations
• Polio Vaccine
• Information campaigns
• Programs to control sewage and other contaminants
• International agencies focused on health care
• More dependable food supplies
• New farming methods

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Polio Vaccine
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Diseases Associated with Poverty Malaria
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New Epidemic Diseases AIDS
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Diseases Associated with Old Age
Predicted Alzheimer's cases 2005-2050
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Diseases Associated with Changing Lifestyles
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Impacts of Population Growth

• Improved Agriculture
• Green Revolution
• Peasants Uprisings
• China, Mexico, etc.
• Pressure Third World governments
• Urbanization
• Parasitic cities
• Urban pollution

• Immigration
• East Asian emigration continued
• Middle East Africans emigrated to Western
  Europe the U.S.
• Immigrants face prejudice

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Limiting Population Growth

• Many countries advocated birth control
  legalized abortion
• 85 of countries backed family planning
• China adopted a two-child policy in 1977
• Eventually became a one-child policy in 1979
• Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi proposed
  involuntary sterilization
• Return of plague epidemics
• AIDS virus

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New Scientific Discoveries

• Einsteins Theory of Relativity
• Heisenbergs Uncertainty Principle
• Quantum mechanics
• Behavior of matter energy at the atomic level
• Big Bang Theory
• Psychology
• Sigmund Freud
• Karl Jung