World Geography

1
World Geography
Chapter 33
Southeast Asia
2
World Geography
Chapter 33 Southeast Asia
Section 1 Historical Influences on Southeast
Asia
Section 2 The Countries of Southeast Asia
3
Historical Influences on Southeast Asia
1

• How has the migration of people into Southeast
  Asia over the centuries affected the culture of
  that region?
• How did Europeans change the economy,
  environment, and political boundaries of
  Southeast Asia?

4
Migration
1

• Indian Influence
• Merchants from India brought Hindu and Buddhist
  monks with them.
• The culture of the region absorbed many aspects
  of Hinduism and Buddhism, but rejected others
  such as the caste system.

• Muslim Influence
• Traders from Arabia and India brought Islam to
  the region.
• Islam created strong ties between the peoples of
  Malaysia, Indonesia, the southern Philippines,
  and other Muslim lands.

• Chinese Influence
• The Chinese had little impact on the region, as
  the Chinese viewed their culture as superior, and
  considered foreigners to be barbarians, or people
  without manners or civilized customs.
• The Vietnamese were influenced by Chinese
  culture, but never lost their own cultural
  identity.

5
Europeans Bring Change
1

• Europeans at first established trading posts, and
  then in the 1700s and 1800s began expanding their
  colonies deeper into Southeast Asia.
• The Europeans cleared forests and built
  plantations for cash crops and encouraged wealthy
  local landlords to grow rice for export, forcing
  many small farmers out of business.
• The Europeans sold factory-made goods to their
  colonies, undercutting local artisans and making
  the colonies dependent on industrialized
  countries for manufactured goods.
• The Europeans financed construction of inland
  roads and railroads to transport goods to port
  cities, which began growing rapidly.
• Growing port cities attracted people from China
  and India, and tensions sometimes developed
  between the immigrants and indigenous Southeast
  Asians.
• Colonies were carved out of Southeast Asia with
  little attention paid to existing ethnic
  boundaries.

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Section 1 Review
1

• Which country in Southeast Asia was most
  influenced by Chinese culture?
• a) Philippines
• b) Laos
• c) Indonesia
• d) Vietnam
• How did the Europeans affect the manufacture of
  goods in Southeast Asia?
• a) The Europeans industrialized the colonies by
  building factories.
• b) European merchants bought goods from local
  artisans to sell to Europe.
• c) Local artisans were undercut by cheap European
  factory-made goods.
• d) The Europeans had no effect on the economies
  of the region.

7
Section 1 Review
1

• Which country in Southeast Asia was most
  influenced by Chinese culture?
• a) Philippines
• b) Laos
• c) Indonesia
• d) Vietnam
• How did the Europeans affect the manufacture of
  goods in Southeast Asia?
• a) The Europeans industrialized the colonies by
  building factories.
• b) European merchants bought goods from local
  artisans to sell to Europe.
• c) Local artisans were undercut by cheap European
  factory-made goods.
• d) The Europeans had no effect on the economies
  of the region.

8
The Countries of Southeast Asia
2

• Why does Myanmar struggle with its national
  identity and Thailand does not?
• In what ways did years of conflict affect
  Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia?
• What keeps the diverse nations of Indonesia and
  the Philippines united?
• What natural resources support the economies of
  Singapore, Malaysia, Brunei, and Papua New Guinea?

9
Myanmar and Thailand
2

• Myanmar
• When the British took control in the late 1800s,
  they unified Burma politically but not
  culturally.
• When Burma gained independence in 1948, the
  country lacked unity, and various ethnic groups
  have fought the government since then.
• Myanmars economic growth has been slowed by
  warfare with ethnic insurgents and by its
  repressive military government

• Thailand
• Thailand preserved its independence by signing
  treaties with Western powers in the late 1800s.
• Since World War II, Thailand has had strong ties
  with the United States.
• The country depended heavily on agriculture until
  the 1960s, when Thailand began to diversify the
  economy.
• Tourism has become a major source of income, and
  Bangkok has become the transportation hub for the
  entire region.

10
Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia
2

• After World War II, the region became involved in
  a series of wars, the first of which secured
  independence from France.
• The second war, between North and South Vietnam,
  drew in the United States, as well as Laos and
  Cambodia, and ended with Vietnam united under
  Communists.
• Communists also took control of Laos and
  Cambodia, and in all three countries the
  Communists killed huge numbers of non-Communists.
• In 1986, Vietnam began doi moi, a program
  designed to attract foreign investors, and during
  the 1990s the economy boomed.
• In 1995, the United States resumed diplomatic
  relations with Vietnam, and Vietnam joined ASEAN
  that same year.
• Laos and Cambodia have turned away from strict
  government-controlled economies, but have not
  attracted investment on the scale of Vietnam.

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Indonesia and the Philippines
2
Cultural heterogeneity challenges Indonesia and
the Philippines

• Indonesia
• Indonesia has more than 228 million people living
  on islands spread over 3,200 miles of ocean.
• A strong government, backed by the military, has
  used force to maintain unity.
• Oil resources have lifted Indonesias per capita
  income and provided money to spend on roads,
  airports, and schools.
• Indonesia experienced an economic slowdown in the
  late 1990s.

• The Philippines
• The Philippines were ruled by Spain, and then the
  United States, until independence in 1946.
• Under Spanish rule, the majority of Filipinos
  converted to Roman Catholicism, and intermarriage
  spread Spanish culture among ethnic groups.
• U.S. rule introduced a new educational system,
  the English language, and democratic institutions.

12
Singapore, Malaysia, Brunei, and Papua New Guinea
2

• Singapore has a deep natural harbor, and is
  located in the center of an important trade
  route.
• Singapore is a thriving center of international
  trade and an important manufacturing center.
• Malaysia and Brunei are wealthy countries with
  large reserves of oil and natural gas.
• Oil income has allowed Brunei to modernize, and
  Malaysia has a diverse economy exporting
  machinery, raw materials, and oil.
• Papua New Guinea is an ethnically diverse country
  in which most people practice agriculture with
  traditional tools, yet modern machines are used
  to mine gold and copper ore.

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Section 2 Review
2

• How did Vietnam recover from years of war?
• a) Vietnam instituted a program to encourage
  foreign investment.
• b) Large deposits of oil and gas stimulated the
  economy.
• c) Tariffs were raised to promote the growth of
  local industry.
• d) Vietnam used farming collectives to export
  valuable cash crops.
• Which countrys economy is supported by oil
  revenues?
• a) Singapore
• b) Malaysia
• c) Papua New Guinea
• d) Thailand

14
Section 2 Review
2

• How did Vietnam recover from years of war?
• a) Vietnam instituted a program to encourage
  foreign investment.
• b) Large deposits of oil and gas stimulated the
  economy.
• c) Tariffs were raised to promote the growth of
  local industry.
• d) Vietnam used farming collectives to export
  valuable cash crops.
• Which countrys economy is supported by oil
  revenues?
• a) Singapore
• b) Malaysia
• c) Papua New Guinea
• d) Thailand