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AP WORLD HISTORY

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AP WORLD HISTORY Power Review Session 1 Early Civilizations (Pre-History to 600 BCE) – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: AP WORLD HISTORY


1
AP WORLD HISTORY
  • Power Review Session 1
  • Early Civilizations
  • (Pre-History to 600 BCE)

2
THE PALEOLITHIC AGE
  • 2,500,000 BCE - 10,000 BCE
  • Hunting/Gathering small bands of people required
    gender equality because both men and women
    contributed to survival
  • Mostly nomadic but some permanent settlements
    were established in areas with abundant food
    resources (grains, fish)
  • Neanderthal Man first fully modern human beings
    (physically and mentally) with belief in
    afterlife and burials
  • Cro-Magnon Man interested in arts, used caves
    for shelters

3
HOMO SAPIEN SAPIEN(40,000 BCE Present)
  • Modern human beings
  • Eventually forced the extinction of other
    hominids like Neanderthals and Cro-Magnons
  • Will eventually lead the Neolithic Revolution!

4
The Neolithic (Agricultural) Revolution
  • Circa 8000 BCE in river valleyswhy?
  • Hunting and gathering lifestyle loses out to
    settled agriculture
  • People plant crops and stay in one location to
    reap harvests
  • Huge change for humankind!

5
THE NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION LEADS TO
  • CIVILIZATIONS!
  • Advanced cities
  • Specialized workers and social classes
  • Record keeping
  • Art and architecture
  • Advanced technology
  • Complex institutions
  • Governments
  • Economic systems
  • Religions/philosophies

6
THE NEOLITHIC AGE8000 BCE 3000 BCE
  • Food surplus led to population boom
  • Permanent settlements and communities develop,
    along with the idea of private property
  • Development of farming technology, art,
    architecture, language, job specialization,
    irrigation, etc.
  • Development of cities like Catal Huyuk and
    Jericho

7
RIVER VALLEY CIVILIZATIONS
  • MESOPOTAMIA The Cradle of Civilization
  • The Fertile Crescent had good arable land in the
    middle of the desert, making it sought after and
    fought over, allowing many different groups to
    control this area (Babylonians, Assyrians,
    Hittites, Akkadians)

8
BABYLONIAN EMPIRE
  • King Hammurabi, the Judge
  • Centralized bureaucratic government
  • Taxation system
  • First written code of laws (Hammurabis Code)
  • Showed social inequalities (different levels of
    protection)

9
SUMERIAN CITY-STATES3000 BCE
  • Successful agriculture, irrigation systems
  • Writing, came up with cuneiform
  • Use of the wheel
  • 12 month calendar
  • Polytheistic with anthropomorphic gods (deities
    had human like traits, often used religious
    beliefs to explain the natural world)
  • Built ziggurats

10
PEOPLE OF THE FERTILE CRESCENT
  • Hittites iron ore extraction gt tools and weapons
  • Assyrians centralized bureaucracy, brutal
    military conquests
  • Phoenicians first alphabet strong traders
  • Hebrews monotheistic empire builders

11
ANCIENT EGYPTold, middle, and new kingdoms
  • Rich soil in Nile River valley
  • Led by Pharaoh leader with total power
  • Water management, pyramids, astronomy,
    hieroglyphs, mummification, gold, calendar
  • Polytheistic
  • Women had some rights (property, divorce, ruled
    as pharaohs) but still subservient to men
  • Social Hierarchy Pharaoh, priest, noble,
    merchant, artisan, peasant, slave
  • Empire crumbles and is conquered by 1100 BCE

12
SHANG DYNASTY CHINA1700 BCE-1100 BCE
  • Stable, agricultural surplus, trade-centered
  • Northern China, ,walled cities, strong army with
    chariots
  • The Middle Kingdom world view develops
  • Bronze, pottery, silk, decimal system, calendar
  • Patriarchal, polytheistic, ancestor veneration,
    oracle bones (pre-Confucian)
  • Bureaucracy already starting
  • Most people were agricultural serfs with limited
    freedom others were artisans/craftsmen

13
SHANG DYNASTY CHINA
14
ZHOU DYNASTY CHINA1100 BCE 256 BCE
  • Replaced the ShangMandate of Heaven used and
    will be part of Chinese political history for
    millennia
  • Ruled for 900 years keeping traditions
  • Feudal system in place with bureaucracy to help
    manage the growing empire
  • War amongst feudal kingdoms finally caused
    collapse

15
INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATIONS3300 BCE 1700 BCE
  • Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro
  • Geography limited contact with outsiders
  • Master planned, water systems, strong central
    government, polytheistic, written language
  • Pottery, cotton, cloth
  • Cities abandoned for unknown reason
  • Aryans invade circa 1500 BCE

16
THE ARYANS
  • THE VEDIC AGE IN INDIA, 1500 BCE-500 BCE
  • THEORY Aryans were Central Asian nomads who
    conquered the region of modern day India
  • Holy books (the Vedas and Upanishads) form the
    basis for Hinduism
  • Caste system in place (strict social hierarchy)
  • Priests, Warriors, Landowners, Merchants,
    Peasants, Untouchables

17
Theoretical Aryan Migrations
18
BANTU MIGRATIONS
  • Around 1500 BCE agriculturalists in West Africa
    began migrating to the south and east, taking
    their culture and technology with them
  • These migrations lasted for 2000 years
  • Bantu farmers displaced nomads and changed Africa
    forever

19
THE AMERICAS
  • Olmecs (Mexico), Mayans (Mexico/Guatemala), and
    Chavin (Andes) developed similarly to the pattern
    of most River Valley Civilizations urbanization,
    polytheistic, irrigation, writing, calendars,
    monumental buildings, social structure,
    city-states
  • Similar pattern of development in different part
    of the worldyet no contact with others!
  • Difference no major rivers so had to adapt to
    rainforest and mountains
  • No domesticated work animalsno wheels

20
EARLY RELIGIONS PHILOSOPHIES (Belief Systems to
600 BCE)
  • Hinduism
  • Judaism
  • Zoroastrianism
  • General Commonalities of early polytheism

21
EARLY POLYTHEISM
  • Gods related to nature and the elements (sky
    gods, wind, water, etc.)
  • When disaster struck (floods, drought,
    earthquakes) the people believed their gods were
    angry with them (Epic of Gilgamesh)
  • Cultural borrowing occurred frequently (gods were
    borrowed and integrated from neighboring peoples)
  • Most cultures were polytheistic and used some
    form of sacrificial system to appease the gods

22
HINDUISM
  • Begins in India, evolving over time starting in
    3000 BCE
  • Brahma is the supreme force in the universe
  • Vishnu and Shiva are manifestations of Brahma
  • Reincarnation until one reaches Moksha
    (enlightenment) and the cycle of
    life-death-rebirth ends
  • Dharma (duty of caste) and Karma (fate based on
    dharma)

23
HINDUISM continued
  • Sacred texts include
  • The Vedas
  • The Upanishads
  • The Bhagavad-Gita
  • Prime example of henotheism acknowledging many
    deities but worshipping one (Brahma)
  • Very diverse belief system
  • Caste system strict social stratification in
    life

24
JUDAISM
  • Originates in Southwest Asia/Middle East
  • Debate over origins and times (circa 3000 BCE to
    1500 BCE starting dates)
  • Important figures Abraham, Moses, David
  • Monotheistic belief system based on covenant with
    Yahweh (Hebrews as Gods chosen people)
  • Ten Commandments, sacrificial system, temple for
    worship, strict dietary and social codes
  • Sacred text Torah (Hebrew Bible)

25
ZOROASTRIANISM
  • Originates in Persia (Iran) circa 2000 BCE
  • Cosmic Dualism
  • Two deities fighting for the souls of humanity
  • Heaven and Hell (for the faithful and the wicked
    respectively)
  • Will influence other religions (formative
    Judaism, Christianity, and Islam)
  • Eventually will be displaced by Islam (Shiite)
    in Persia (Iran)

26
Generalities of Early Religions
  • Anthropomorphic gods human traits
  • Sacrifices to appease the gods
  • Disasters were seen as punishments from the
    deities
  • Polytheism was the norm
  • Gods were usually tribal rather than universal
  • Zoroastrianism and Judaism emerged out of
    polytheistic cultures
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