The Civil War

1
The Civil War
2
Causes of the Civil War

• Regional differences between the industrial North
  and the agrarian South
• Question of slavery in the territories
• Compromise of 1850 and the Kansas-Nebraska Act
  inflame passions
• Abraham Lincoln is elected President
• Lower South secedes (leaves the US and forms own
  country)
• Confederacy attacks Fort Sumter

3
Strengths of South

• Most officers were Southern
• Defensive position
• Fighting to preserve their way of life and right
  to self-government

4
Strengths of North

• Twice the railroad tracks
• Twice as many factories
• Balanced economy
• More money
• Government, Army and Navy
• Larger population

5
Strategy of North

• Naval blockade of southern ports ordered by
  Lincoln
• Would stop South from shipping cotton to Europe
  and from receiving goods from Europe
• Gain control of the Mississippi River to divide
  the South
• Anaconda Plan

6
Souths Strategy

• War of attrition wear down enemy
• failed to realize that the North had more
  resources
• Prepare and wait (wanted to go in peace)
• Fight a defensive war
• Get support from Europe
• Butthe North had stopped exports of cotton and
  Europe turned to Egypt and India and did not help
  with war
• King Cotton Diplomacy

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The Divisions of the Civil War Army

• Cavalry
• Artillery
• Infantry

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Johnny Reb and Billy Yank

• The common man soldier
• Enlisted and usually infantry
• Generally aged 17-25
• Died by the thousands

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The Unions Strategy

• Defend Washington with the Army of the Potomac
  and try to capture Richmond
• Gain control of the Mississippi River and split
  the Confederacy in half
• Blockade the South (Anaconda)

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The Confederacy's Strategy

• Fight a war of attrition
• Turn back every Union advance until the British
  or French joined their side
• Fight defensively
• Make the people of the North weary of fighting
• Force Lincoln to negotiate

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Important Northern Generals

• General Ulysses Grant led Northern Army in the
  West to try to seize the Mississippi River was
  later fired by Lincoln as commander of Union
  troops
• General George McClellan led Northern Army
  ordered to build and train the army Lincoln
  later appointed him as commander of Union troops
• William Tecumseh Sherman was appointed to take
  Georgia and split the Confederacy

13
Important Southern Generals

• Robert E. Lee
• Trained at West Point
• Top student
• Became Commander of the Army of Northern Virginia
• Known as a crafty, smart soldier
• Well liked by his troops
• Was asked by Lincoln to serve as Union general,
  but refused saying his allegiance was first with
  Virginia

• Thomas Stonewall Jackson
• Also attended West Point
• Popular, intelligent instructor at VMI
• Well liked by troops
• A very religious man who did not believe in
  fighting on Sundays
• Known for the quote, "There is Jackson standing
  like a stone wall

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The Campaign of 1861

• Our battle summer
• A short and painless war
• 90-day enlistments were common
• A short vacation from the plow
• An excursion party to the Sunny South

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The First Battle of Bull Run (AKABattle of
Manassas)

• South Named battles for nearest town
• North named battles for nearest body of water
• July 21, 1861
• General Irvin McDowell-North
• General P.G.T. Beauregard-South
• Railroad used to move troops
• Sightseers watch North flees
• Casualties North 2900 South 2000

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The First Battle of Bull Run (Manassas)

• Took place north of Richmond, VA
• Congressmen, reporters, socialites, and curiosity
  seekers came to watch the show
• Thomas Stonewall Jackson became Confederate
  hero
• Fierce gun fire surprised both sides

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The Union Panics and Retreats

• Spectators in carriages and with picnic lunches
  were trampled by troops and peppered with gunfire
• A Confederate win
• Washington DC is VERY
• close by
• What if????????

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The Battle of Shiloh (Tennessee)

• A surprise Confederate attack by General Joseph
  Johnstons 4000 Rebel troops
• Grant was reportedly still drunk from the night
  before
• The bloody battle lasted throughout the next day
• 11,000 Southern losses and 13,000 Northern losses
• Mass graves were dug Shiloh was a horror

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Lessons from Shiloh (April 1862)

• The war would be a long one and a bloody one
• Both sides would suffer great losses
• Fraternization between the two sides ceased
  between battles
• The idea of the summer battle was no longer
  boasted about by either side

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Major Battles in the South and West
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The South Goes on the Offensive

• General Robert E. Lee now in Charge!!!!
• Second Battle of Bull Run
• Stonewall Jackson attacks from the rear and
  General Lee from the front
• Another Confederate Victory!

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The War at Sea

• Union sailors assigned to the blockade had many
  long, boring days at patrolling sea waiting for
  action
• Confederate sailors however on commerce-raiding
  ships destroyed or captured more than 250
  northern merchant ships and 15 million in ships
  and cargo

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The Unions Ironclad

• The Union Monitor was an odd shaped ship that
  resembled a cake tin riding on a platter.

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The Confederate's Ironclad

• The Confederate Merrimac (Virginian) was an old
  battleship that had been armed with iron plates
  that covered it in the shape of a tent

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The Clash of the First Ironclads

• On March 9, 1862 the two ships battled for 5
  hours
• Technically a draw
• The Merrimack had to withdraw for repairs so it
  became known as a Union win

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Battle of Antietam

• Lee invaded Maryland, hoping for European support
• McClellan delayed after getting battle plans of
  Lee Sept. 17, 1862
• North lost 12,000 and Lee 14,000 retreated to
  VA As Lee withdrew, McClellan did not attack
• Bloodiest one-day battle of war

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The Battle of Antietam

• President Davis was not happy with Lees
  defensive victory and wanted him to make a major
  push north
• His army of 40,000 met McClellans 80,000 men at
  Antietam Creek near Sharpsburg, VA
• McClellan found Lees
• battle plans, due to a fatal
• stroke of bad luck
• The Rebel forces lost
• 25 of their men

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Economy of South

• Confederate government regulated commerce and
  railroads
• Farmers paid 10 of produce to war effort
• Income tax imposed
• Borrowed slaves for labor

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Economy of North

• Needed to raise taxes to continue the war
• Federal income tax
• Internal Revenue Act of 1862
• tax on certain items such as liquor, tobacco,
  medicine, and ads
• Created national currency greenbacks

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The Economics of War

• South
• Economy was devastated
• food shortages
• Men at war women worked
• Inflation
• Army deserters
• North
• Industry boomed
• Women worked
• Some products were shoddy and fell apart

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Problems at Home in Northern Border States

• Maryland
• arrested disloyal representatives
• Missouri
• supported uprising to overthrow pro-Confederate
  state government
• Kentucky
• Had to declare martial law

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The Draft

• The North
• 1863, required military service for all white
  males 20 to 45.
• Could pay 300 or hire a substitute to serve
• Riot over draft
• 100 died in New York City
• The South
• Required 3-year military service for all white
  men 18-35
• later moved to age 50
• Large slave owners excused wealthy hired
  substitutes

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The Emancipation Proclamation

• Jan. 1, 1863, Lincoln
• issued the Emancipation
• Proclamation as a tactic to end the war
• Freed slaves in areas of
• rebellion against the government
• Did NOT free slaves in border states that had NOT
  succeeded

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Effects of the Proclamation

• Inspired southern slaves to escape to the
  protection of Union troops
• Encouraged African Americans to serve in the
  Union army

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African American Soldiers

• By 1865 180,000 African Americans had enlisted in
  the federal army
• Served in all-black regiments

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Prison Camps

• Andersonville, Georgia
• Over 45,000 Union soldiers went to Andersonville
  during the 14 months that it was in existence. Of
  these, 12,912 died from disease, overcrowding, or
  exposure. They were buried shoulder to shoulder
  in trenches near the prison.
• 100 died a day of starvation or exposure
• Commander Henry Wirz hanged for murder and abuse

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Men Rescued from Andersonville
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Medical Conditions

• 1 out of 4 soldiers died
• Women cared for sick
• Clara Barton angel of battlefield
• American Red Cross
• Disease killed more than guns

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Battle of Fredericksburg

• The Union Army suffered terrible casualties in
  futile frontal assaults against entrenched
  Confederate defenders on the heights behind the
  city, bringing to an early end their campaign
  against the Confederate capital of Richmond.
• Results of Union loss
• General McClellan replaced with Ambrose Burnside
• Burnside attacks Lee in VA by charging into
  Confederate gunfire
• Union casualties 13,000

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Battle of Chancellorsville

• Chancellorsville is considered Lee's greatest
  victory,
• Using cunning, and dividing their forces
  repeatedly, the massively outnumbered
  Confederates drove the Federal army from the
  battlefield.
• The cost had been frightful. The Confederates
  suffered 14,000 casualties, while inflicting
  17,000. Perhaps the most damaging loss to the
  Confederacy was the death of Lee's "right arm,"
• Stonewall Jackson, who died of pneumonia on May
  10 while recuperating from his wounds.

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The Siege of Vicksburg

• Vicksburg Mississippi was an important trading
  center was high on a rocky cliff on the
  Mississippi River
• The city was considered impassable because of its
  high ground
• North wanted control of the Mississippi River and
  needed Vicksburg to make this happen
• Several Union attacks failed
• General Ulysses S. Grant decided on a new tactic

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The Siege of Vicksburg

• General Grants devious plan was to assault the
  society and the civilians who live nearby!
• After several successful confrontations, he
  settled down for a successful 7-month siege
• Vicksburg surrendered on July 4, 1863
• Mississippi River taken by North, cutting
  Confederacy in two

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The Gettysburg Campaign

• Lee decided to threaten
• Washington DC by way
• of Pennsylvania
• At first everything went
• his way, and he caught the Union soldiers off
  guard
• General Meade was looking for Lee and Lee was
  looking for a shoe factory
• They found each other in a little town called
  Gettysburg

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1. McPHERSON'S RIDGE 2. THE
RAILROAD CUT 3. OAK HILL 4.
OAK RIDGE 5. THE ELEVENTH CORPS LINE
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Day Three Picketts Charge

• Between 100 and 200, General Longstreet was
  ordered against his will to head across no mans
  land
• The Billy Yanks were waiting on top of Cemetery
  Ridge with reinforcements who were loaded with
  rifles and artillery
• The Johnny Rebs were slaughtered first by
  artillery and then by minie balls

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The Results of Gettysburg

• The attack was a nightmare for the South that
  lasted less than an hour but over 10,000 men were
  dead wounded or missing
• 5 of 25 commanders were injured the other 15
  were killed and 2 Brigadier Generals were killed.
  
• Southern morale was ravaged
• But a second attack never cameLincoln was
  furious.
• The South was never able to launch an offensive
  campaign again

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After the Battle
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Gettysburg Facts

• Bloodiest battle of war
• Union had 23,000 casualties
• South had 28,000 casualties
• July 4, 1863, Lee retreats to Virginia

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The Gettysburg Address

• Lincolns moving speech is among the most famous
  in U.S. History

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Gettysburg Address

• Nov. 19, 1863
• President Lincoln explained the meaning of the
  Civil War
• Freedom and equality belong to all

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After Gettysburg

• Southern Campaign
• The Tennessee Campaign becomes more important as
  General William Rosecrans followed orders to push
  General Braxton Bragg into northern Georgia
• Union troops then planned tp attack Chattanooga
  one of the Souths only important railroad
  centers

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The Election of 1864

• Lincoln and Andrew Johnson, Vice President,
  Republicans
• Former General McClellan, Democrat
• Remember, Lincoln had relieved him of his Union
  command

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Grant Takes Command of Union Army

• Lincoln must win battles to win the election of
  1864
• Grant plans to use Norths superior population
  and industry to wear down the South
• The two men find common ground and Lincoln
  promotes Grant

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Grants Total War

• When Lincoln promoted General Grant to the rank
  of Lt. General it gave him total command of the
  Union forces
• He called off the gentlemens war
• Make war not only on the Confederate army but on
  the Southern people as well

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Grants Right Hand ManWilliam Tecumseh Sherman

• Was he mentally ill?
• Was he a brilliant strategist?
• How did his plan to cut through Georgia work?
• How did Atlanta fit into his plan?

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The Souths last true victoryChickamauga

• A surprise awaited Rosecrans, when Bragg hit him
  hard at Chickamauga just south of Chattanooga
• The Confederate force of 70,000 beat the Union
  force of 56,000 one of the bloodiest battle of
  the war
• The Rebels lost 18,454 and the Yankees 16,179 in
  the bloodiest two days of the War.

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The Rock of Chickamauga

• The Union forces fled back to Chattanooga in part
  because of General George H. Thomas, a Federal
  soldier who had remained loyal to the Union
• Thanks to Thomas, the North was able to retire in
  good order to the fortifications of Chattanooga

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Sherman in Georgia

• General Sherman had orders to seize Atlanta, a
  rail and industrial center
• Had 98,000 Union troops with him
• Met Confederate General Joseph Johnston on his
  way to Atlanta

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Shermans March to Atlanta- 1864

• Picketts Mill
• Dallas
• Kolbs Farm
• Kennesaw Mountain
• Peachtree Creek
• Jonesborough

• Ringgold Gap
• Dalton
• Rocky Face Ridge
• Resaca
• Adairsville
• New Hope Church

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Battle of Kennesaw Mountain
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The Atlanta Campaign

• Johnston wanted to delay Sherman until after the
  Nov. elections
• Perhaps Lincoln would lose if South was
  victorious
• But by mid-July, Sherman was near Atlanta
• Confederate General Johnston was replaced with
  General James Hood
• Hood did not stop Sherman either

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Lincolns Assassination

• April 14, 1865, John Wilkes Booth shot Lincoln
  while he was watching a play
• Lincoln died the next day and Booth was killed in
  Virginia

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John Wilkes Booth
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Fords Theatre
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Booths Escape Route
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JOHN WILKES BOOTH'S AUTOPSY
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Booths Hideout

• Garret's Farmhouse

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The Death of a President

• Did not live to see the peace he helped to create
• Conspirators and southern sympathizers plotted
  against the president
• Died in office on April 14, 1865

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Lincolns Rocking Chair at Fords Theatre
Bed in which Lincoln Died
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Lincoln Laying in State
Funeral Hearse
Funeral Procession
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Lincoln - Kennedy Coincidences
9) The first name of Lincoln's private secretary
was John, the last      name of Kennedy's
private secretary was Lincoln. 10) John Wilkes
Booth was born in 1839 according to some
sources Lee Harvey Oswald was born in 1939, one
hundred years later. 11) Both assassins were
Southerners who held extremist views. 12) Both
assassins were murdered before they could be
brought to trial. 13) Booth shot Lincoln in a
theater and fled to a warehouse. Oswald      
 shot Kennedy from a warehouse and fled to a
theater. 14) Lincoln and KENNEDY each has 7
letters. 15) ANDREW JOHNSON and LYNDON JOHNSON
each has 13 letters. 16) JOHN Wilkes BOOTH and
LEE HARVEY OSWALD each has 15 letters. 17) A
Lincoln staffer Miss Kennedy told him not to go
to the Theater.  A Kennedy       staffer Miss
Lincoln, told him not to go to Dallas.

• 1) Lincoln was elected in 1860, Kennedy in 1960,
  100 years apart
• 2) Both men were deeply involved in civil rights
  for African Americans.
• 3) Both men were assassinated on a Friday, in the
  presence of
•     their wives.
• 4) Each wife had lost a child while living at the
  White House.
• 5) Both men were killed by a bullet that entered
  the head from behind.
• 6) Lincoln was killed in Ford's Theater. Kennedy
  met his death while
•      riding in a Lincoln convertible made by the
  Ford Motor Company.
• 7) Both men were succeeded by vice-presidents
  named Johnson who were
•      southern Democrats and former senators.
• 8) Andrew Johnson was born in 1808. Lyndon
  Johnson was born in 1908,
•      exactly one hundred years later.

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How would the South be Treated After the War??

• Welcomed Back??
• Orpaid back???
• Find out in learning about Reconstruction!!!