Civil War and Reconstruction

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Civil War and Reconstruction

• SS8H6 b. State the importance of key events of
  the Civil War, Include Antietam, Emancipation
  Proclamation, Gettysburg, Chickamauga, the Union
  blockade of Georgias coast, Shermans Atlanta
  Campaign, Shermans March to the Sea, and
  Andersonville. c. Analyze the impact of
  Reconstruction on Georgia and other southern
  states, emphasizing Freedmens Bureau,
  sharecropping and tenant farming, Reconstruction
  plans, 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments to the
  Constitution, Henry McNeal Turner and the Ku Klux
  Klan.

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Confederate fortifications, Yorktown, VA
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The War Begins in 1861

• In April of 1861, Confederates fire on Ft. Sumter
  in South Carolina four more states secede from
  the Union, and the Confederate States of America
  (CSA) is formed.

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Lincoln tries to Preserve the Union

• Even though he faces opposition, Lincoln focuses
  on the preservation of the United States, (the
  Union).
• He does not agree with slavery but does not want
  to initially push the issue.
• He takes volunteers and also begins using a draft
  to built up the army.
• Both sides think if there is war, it will end
  quickly.

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The Confederacy

• President-Jefferson Davis
• Vice President- Alexander Stephens (from GA)

The cabinet of the Confederate States
at Montgomery, 1861 June 1 , Harpers Weekly
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Resources of Each Side

• North

• South

• 23 states
• 22 million people
• Trained army and navy
• 22,000 miles of Railroad track
• 100,000 factories with 1.1 million workers

• 11 states
• 9 million people(about 4 million were slaves)
• No standing army or navy
• 9,000 miles of Railroad track
• 20,000 factories with 100,000 workers

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Rating the North the South
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Resources North the South
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War Strategies

• Northern (Union)

• Southern (Confederacy)

• Anaconda Plan (Gen Winfield Scott) - with a
  blockade of Atlantic Confederate ports including
  up the Mississippi River (to prevent Southern
  trade with foreign countries isolate TX, AK,
  and LA) Cut the South in half cut off all
  supplies like the snake suffocating the
  victim.
• Capture the Confederate capitol of Richmond.
• Destroy the Confederates on the battlefield.
• Destroy the Confederate army and lay waste (burn
  or destroy) to the land so that Southern
  civilians would not support the war.

• King Cotton Diplomacy- It was hoped that England
  and France who depended on South for cotton for
  their textile mills would side with the
  Confederacy. South tried to force support
  through an embargo on cotton to British. British
  refused began to import cotton from Egypt.
• Wear down the invading Union and weaken Northern
  support for the war through the of casualties
• Sink Union merchant ships (using Raiders
  lightly armed ships) and evade the blockade to
  continue trading and keep the ports open. Use
  blockade runners fast merchant ships.
• Win a strategic victory on Union soil.

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OverviewofCivil WarStrategy AnacondaPlan
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War Preparations

• NORTH
• Population 22 million
• Strong well-trained army and navy (Experienced)
• INDUSTRY that could readily make war supplies
• Many miles of railroad capable of moving troops
  and munitions.
• FUNCTIONING GOVERNMENT!!!

12th New York Regiment
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War Preparations

• Training and supplying troops.
• SOUTH
• Population 9 million (4 ½ million were slaves)
• Did NOT have a strong navy.
• Did NOT have a well-trained army.
• Not enough factories.
• Railroads were too light to carry troops and guns
• War fought mostly in the South-familiardefense
  of homes and families.

Gen. Stovall, GA Infantry
Alexandria Railroad
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Great Britain and the Civil War
Wheat Harvesting
Charles Francis Adams

• If Great Britain had recognized the South as an
  independent country, they could have entered the
  war as an ally to the Confederacy.
• Charles Francis Adams, Ambassador sent by Lincoln
  to England, prevented this from happening.
• In the end, Great Britain needed northern wheat
  more than southern cotton
• Poor wheat harvest in England.
• Great Britain was anti-slavery-abolished in 1863!

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Famous leader from the NorthGeneral Ulysses Grant

• Became the
• Commanding General
• of the United States
• Army from 1864 to
• 1865
• Lee surrenders to
• Grant at Appomattox
• Elected the 18th
• President (1869-1877)

• Graduated West
• Point in 1843
• Spent much of the
• Civil War in the
• Western Campaign
• Aggressor/victor
• in the Battle of
• Shiloh and Vicksburg

• U.S. Grant gen. U.S.A

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Major General William Tecumseh ShermanUnion

• Maj. Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman, after
  capturing Atlanta in 1864, led his March to the
  Sea

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Sherman

• Served under Ulysses S. Grant in 1862-63
• Succeeded Grant as the Union commander in the
  western theater of the war in 1864
• Known for Scorched earth policy
• 1864 - Union troops laid waste (destroyed/burned)
  to Atlanta destroying businesses, farms, homes
  and transportationstayed for 2 months
• 1864 - Shermans March to the Sea destroyed
  everything in a 60 mile wide path 300 miles to
  the Atlantic100 million damage

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Brady, Mathew B., ca. 1823-1896,photographer

• General Robert E. Lee
• Confederacy
• Graduated top in his class from
• West Point and served on its faculty
• Spent 32 years in the U.S. Army
• Asked by Lincoln to serve as
• Commander of the Union Army
• Declined this offer when his home
• State of VA seceded
• Became senior military advisor to
• President Davis of the CSA
• Later became the commander of the
• Confederate eastern army or The
• Army of Northern Virginia
• Loved by his troops and considered
• one of the best military minds of his
• time
• Surrendered to Grant at Appomattox

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Lieutenant General Stonewall Jackson Confederacy

• Graduated from West Point in 1846,
• and served in the U.S. Army with
• Robert E. Lee.
• Corp commander of the Amy of
• Northern Virginia.
• Gifted and brilliant military mind -
• became part of the faculty of VA
• Military Institute.
• Led many successful Civil War battles.
• Shot (friendly fire) at the Battle of
• Chancellorsville died eight days later of
• pneumonia (May 1863).

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The Progress of War 1861-1865
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Major Battles

• 1st Manassas/ 1st Bull Run July 1861- Thinking
  an invasion of Richmond would bring a quick end
  to the war, the Union marches into VA. Victory
  CSA.
• Jackson received his famous nickname Stonewall
  from this battle because he stood his ground like
  a stone wall.

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Battle of Antietam Creek/Sharpsburg, MD

• First battle on Union soil
• Bloodiest single day of fighting in all of US
  history
• Three phases of fighting corn field, sunken road
  and Antietam Creek bridge
• McClellan fails to destroy Lee's army
• Tactically inconclusive but Lincoln sees it as a
  positive event because Lee retreats back to VA so
  he issues his Emancipation Proclamation

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Emancipation Proclamation, September 22, 1862

• This document ultimately discouraged the British
  and French governments from helping the
  Confederacy
• Lincoln uses his power as Commander-in-Chief to
  free the slaves in the Confederate States he
  issued the executive order that the slaves of any
  state that did not return to the Union would be
  free
• Slavery, not preserving the Union, is now a
  primary reason for fighting the war

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The Battle of the Ironclads,March, 1862
The Monitor vs.the Merrimac
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Gettysburg

• Second battle on Union soil
• Battle lasted three days, July 1-3, 1963
• During the first day of fighting the Confederates
  were very successful, on the second the Union
  held their ground and on the third Pickets
  Charge was repulsed leaving Lee no other option
  but to retreat back to Virginia
• Major turning point in the war due to heavy
  casualties, the Confederacy never regained enough
  replacements while the Union had many more men to
  draft

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The Road to Gettysburg 1863
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Gettysburg Casualties
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• Gettysburg, Pa. Confederate dead gathered for
  burial at the edge of the Rose woods, July 5,
  1863

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Chickamauga, GA

• September 1920, 1863
• One of the most significant Union defeats
• Gen. Braxton Bragg should have followed the Union
  retreat to Chattanooga

Federal camp by the Tennessee River,
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Kennesaw Mt. and the Atlanta Campaign

• Battle of Kennesaw Mt. was the last Confederate
  victory before Atlanta falls
• fought on June 27, 1864
• Johnston blocked Shermans path to Atlanta with
  fortifications on Kennesaw Mt.
• The Union army eventually went around the Mt. and
  headed toward Atlanta, an important railroad and
  supply center for the Confederacy
• September 2,1864, Atlanta falls to Union forces
  and this politically helps Lincoln get re-elected

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Shermans March to the Sea

• After Sherman captured Atlanta he sent his troops
  through GA to Savannah, Nov.-Dec. 1864
• He operated without supply lines and took what he
  needed along the way, resulting in complete
  destruction of industry, infrastructure and
  civilian property (Total War)

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ShermansMarchthroughGeorgiato theSea, 1864
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Andersonville, A Prisoner of War Camp

• Andersonville was a Confederate POW camp that was
  overcrowded with too many prisoners and extremely
  undersupplied which caused many to die.

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Inventions/ Innovations

• Telegraph
• Davis uses it to gather forces for Shiloh.
• Fredericksburg sees first extensive use on the
  battlefield.
• Railway
• Greatly changes logistics and strategic
  maneuvers.
• North had good system South had acceptable
  quantity, but no standardized track width and
  poor bedding for the rails.

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WEAPONS

• Rifle (muzzle loader) greatly changes tactics,
  although most leaders are slow to grasp its
  impact.
• Cold Harbor
• 2k dead in twenty minutes, another 5k wounded.
• Calvary is not used to charge/exploit, but to
  scout/skirmish.
• reconnaissance

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Casualties on Both Sides
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Civil War Deaths in Comparison to Other Wars
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Reconstruction Era

• Lincoln had a plan to rebuild the south and
  restore it to the Union
• It was to be quick and easy
• Everyone would be pardoned(except high ranking
  officials) and when 10 of the voters take a
  loyalty oath the state would be permitted back
  into the Union
• Johnson takes over when Lincoln is assassinated
• His plan was much like Lincolns but expanded the
  group that would not be granted the general
  pardon
• In this group he included large property owners
  and they had to apply to the president for their
  pardon
• Declared that Reconstruction was complete because
  the war goals were met, national unity and an end
  to slavery
• Congress and the Radical Republicans take over in
  1866, (felt it was their job to be in control
  Reconstruction)
• They returned the south to military control, and
  overruled Johnson vetos
• Passed the 14th and 15th Amendments
• By 1877 Army intervention in the South ceases and
  Republican control collapses

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Freedmans Bureau

• Key agency during Reconstruction Bureau of
  Refugees, Freedman, and Abandoned Lands
• Initiated by President Lincoln in March of 1865
  and intended to last for one year
• Was part of the War Dept.
• Designed to help former slaves and poor whites
  cope with their everyday problems
• Main job was to help set up work opportunities
  and supervise labor contracts, as well as help
  with education and other daily necessities like
  food and clothing

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Making a living doing what they know

• Sharecropping

• Tenant Farming

• Landowners provide the land for farming, the
  tools, the shelter, the seed, the animals and the
  fertilizers
• Worker agrees to share the harvest for the use of
  the land and the credit of supplies

• Landowners provide the land for farming and the
  shelter, the tenant usually owns his own tools
  and animals
• Worker agrees to share the harvest for the use of
  the land and usually makes a little more than a
  sharecropper because less us credit in needed

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Opposition to the Reconstruction Plans

• This opposition sometimes took violent measures
• Ku Klux Klan was a secret organization that tried
  to prevent the newly freed slaves from exercising
  their new rights
• They did this through intimidation, beatings, and
  murder
• This appeared in Harper's Weekly
• January 27, 1872
• Three Ku Klux Klan members
• arrested in Mississippi, September
• 1871, for the attempted murder
• of an entire family.

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New Amendments

• 13th Amendment makes slavery illegal
• 14th Amendment granted citizenship to the
  freedmen (remember the Dred Scott decision) and
  forbade any state from discrimination, states
  could not deny anyone equal protection of the
  law
• 15th Amendment gave all male citizens the right
  to vote (The right of citizens of the United
  States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by
  the U.S or by any State on account of race,
  color, or previous condition of servitude)

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Henry McNeal Turner

• Elected to the Georgia Legislature in 1868, part
  of the new legislators elected during
  Reconstruction

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Review

• The War began in April of 1861 and ends in April
  of 1865
• Each side creates strategies and the CSA has to
  create their own government and army
• Most battles are fought on Confederate soil, many
  in VA
• Following the war there is a turbulent period
  known as Reconstruction
• The newly freed slaves begin adjusting to freedom
  with the help of the Freedmens Bureau
• New amendments are passed to enable the freed
  slaves the ability to enjoy Constitutional Rights