Kuu-uurija t

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• "Kuu-uurija töö-öö jää-äärel"
• "The moon explorer's worknight on the edge of the
  ice".

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Databases

• Session 2, April 24th, 2009

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Examples of typological databases

• Databases of special projects, e.g. Northwest
  Iranian Project
• Atlas of Pidgin and Creole Language Structures
  (APiCS)
• The World Atlas of Language Structures - WALS

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ONLINE TYPOLOGICAL DATABASES

• The Universals Archive ( what you can get out of
  databases)
• http//typo.uni-konstanz.de/archive/intro/
• Das grammatische Raritätenkabinett ( what you
  rarely find in databases)
• http//typo.uni-konstanz.de/rara/intro/
• The World Atlas of Language Structures Online
• http//wals.info/index
• Language Typology Resource Center
• http//www.lotschool.nl/Research/ltrc/
• The Typological Database System Project
• http//languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/index.html
• http//www.hum.uva.nl/TDS/

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• Language Typology Database (Caen)
• http//www.unicaen.fr/typo_langues/index.php?malan
  ggb
• Autotyp (Leipzig Berkeley)
• http//www.uni-leipzig.de/autotyp/
• Pavia Typological Database
• http//www-1.unipv.it/paviatyp/
• UPSID UCLA Phonological Segment Inventory
  Database (by Ian Maddieson and Kristin Precoda)
• http//www.linguistics.ucla.edu/faciliti/sales/sof
  tware.htm
• http//www.langmaker.com/upsidlanguages.htm
• http//web.phonetik.uni-frankfurt.de/upsid
  (Henning Reetz'sUPSID interface)
• StressTyp (Leiden)
• http//stresstyp.leidenuniv.nl/

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• XTone Cross-Linguistic Tonal Database (Berkeley)
• http//xtone.linguistics.berkeley.edu/index.php
• Metathesis Database (Ohio State)
• http//www.ling.ohio-state.edu/ehume/metathesis/
• The World Color Survey (Berkeley)
• http//www.icsi.berkeley.edu/wcs/
• The Surrey Morphology Group Databases
• http//www.smg.surrey.ac.uk/
• Graz Database on Reduplication
• http//reduplication.uni-graz.at/redup/

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• Matthew Dryer's Typological Database
• http//linguistics.buffalo.edu/people/faculty/drye
  r/dryer/database
• Plank, TYPOLOGY Reading List 64
• Intensifiers and Reflexives (FU Berlin)
• http//noam2.anglistik.fu-berlin.de/gast/tdir/
• Reciprocals (FU Berlin Utrecht)
• http//languagelink.let.uu.nl/burs/
• Focus Quantifiers (FU Berlin Antwerp)
• http//noam2.anglistik.fu-berlin.de/gast/fq/
• Numbers from 1 to 10 in over 5000 Languages
• http//www.zompist.com/numbers.shtml

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What is WALS?

• The World Atlas of Language Structures Online.
  Ed. by Martin Haspelmath, Matthew S. Dryer, David
  Gil Bernard Comrie. Munich Max Planck Digital
  Library. Available online at http//wals.info/.

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WALS

• The World Atlas of Language Structures (2005)
  contains 142 maps of the distribution of
  phonological, grammatical and lexical phenomena
  in the languages in the world

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The goal of WALS Online

• The goal of WALS is making information on the
  structural diversity of the worlds languages
  available to a large audience

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WALS Online. Characteristics

• WALS Online is a website consisting of five main
  parts. The first part, Features, functions as an
  index to the 142 maps and chapters of the
  original edition.
• The second part, Languages, provides multiple
  interfaces to the languages that comprise the
  WALS dataset. Languages are indexed by name, by
  language family, and by country.

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WALS Online. Characteristics

• The third major part of WALS Online is a database
  of all 5728 references for extracting the feature
  values for the individual languages.
• The fourth part of WALS Online is simply an index
  of all the authors that coded features and wrote
  the chapter texts, with links to the features.

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WALS Online. Characteristics

• The fifth part of the site is called Newsblog.
  The link leads to messages in the category News
  on a weblog that at the same time functions as a
  place where comments pertaining to individual
  Features/Chapters can be left. To that end, every
  feature page includes a link discuss which
  leads to a post on the blog.

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For the users of WALS Online

• For usability and extensibility, there are the
  following facilities
• a downloadable KML file (containing the
  placemarks and feature values) is provided for
  each page that includes a map.
• the same data is also available in XML format.
• Every chapter contains a cite link
• Every chapter contains a link to a downloadable
  PDF version

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Further issues

• The reference database is fully searchable, and
  every single citation can also be exported to
  various formats.
• For further data on the database, for its current
  challenges, how it can be used, and the question
  of genealogical data, see
• http//email.eva.mpg.de/cysouw/pdf/cysouwGRAZ.pdf
  
• http//email.eva.mpg.de/cysouw/pdf/cysouwCHALLENG
  ES.pdf
• http//email.eva.mpg.de/cysouw/pdf/cysouwKOENIG.p
  df

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http//wals.info

• You will see the webpage of the WALS as I show it
  to you
• On that page, you click and scroll further on
  your own!

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Typology bibliography for reference

• Comrie, Bernard, Language universals and
  linguistic typology syntax and morphology.
  Blackwell, Oxford, 1981.
• Croft, William. Typology and universals, second
  edition. (Cambridge Textbooks in Linguistics.)
  Cambridge Cambridge University Press, 2003.
• Dahl, Östen.  The growth and maintenance of
  linguistic complexity. Studies in Language
  Companion Series. Amsterdam/Philadelphia John
  Benjamins, 2004.
• Dahl, Östen. Tense and aspect systems. New York
  Basil Blackwell, 1985.
• Martin Haspelmath, Matthew S. Dryer, David Gil,
  Bernard Comrie (Eds.). The World Atlas of
  Language Structures. Oxford Oxford University
  Press, 1995.
• Heine, Bernd and Kuteva, Tania. Language contact
  and grammatical change (Cambridge Approaches to
  Language Contact). Cambridge Cambridge
  University Press, 2005.
• For an additional list of readings, see the
  following website
• http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_typology

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On the Uralic languages

• Daniel Abondolo (ed.). 1988. The Uralic
  languages (Routledge Language Family
  Descriptions). London New York Routledge.
  (choose one chapter/language, ca. 25 pp.)

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Internet links by Bernhard Wälchli

• Links to linguistic typology and some other
  (maybe) useful links
• ALT Association for Linguistic Typology
• http//www.lancs.ac.uk/fss/organisations/alt/
• (membership directory, grammar watch)
• Many typologists have some of their publications
  on-line on their homepages. Some examples
• Matthew Dryer http//linguistics.buffalo.edu/peopl
  e/faculty/dryer/dryer/dryer.htm
• Martin Haspelmath http//email.eva.mpg.de/haspelmt
  /
• Östen Dahl http//www.ling.su.se/staff/oesten/inde
  x.htm
• Maria Koptjevskaja Tamm http//www.ling.su.se/staf
  f/tamm/
• Michael Cysouw http//email.eva.mpg.de/cysouw/
• Balthasar Bickel http//www.uni-leipzig.de/bickel/
  research/papers/index.html
• Stephen Levinson http//www.mpi.nl/Members/Stephen
  Levinson/Publications
• Nick Enfield http//www.mpi.nl/Members/NickEnfield
  /Publications

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continued

• The Leipzig Glossing Rules http//www.eva.mpg.de/l
  ingua/files/morpheme.html
• The Universals Archive http//ling.uni-konstanz.de
  591/Universals/introduction.html
• Das Grammatische Raritätenkabinett
  http//ling.uni-konstanz.de591/universals/introra
  ra.html
• Surrey Morphology Group homepage
  http//www.surrey.ac.uk/LIS/SMG/
• (Under Construction) Linguipedia
• http//lingweb.eva.mpg.de/confer/wiki/index.php/Ma
  in_Page
• Questionnaires http//lingweb.eva.mpg.de/fieldtool
  s/tools.htmquestionnaires
• The Ethnologue (An encyclopedic reference work
  cataloging all of the worlds 6,912 known
• living languages)
• http//www.ethnologue.com/
• The Rosetta Project Building an Archive of ALL
  documented human languages
• http//www.rosettaproject.org/archive/
• Dictionaries http//www.yourdictionary.com/languag
  es.html
• Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics in
  Nijmegen (with hopefully more of their stuff on-
• line in the future)
• http//www.mpi.nl/
• Library Hyper-Catalogue (Germany and some other
  countries)
• http//www.ubka.uni-karlsruhe.de/kvk.html
• Book reviews http//linguistlist.org/pubs/reviews
  /browse-by-pub1.html

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Best short description on Estonian

• http//how-to-learn-any-language.com/forum/forum_p
  osts.asp?TID12437getlast

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About the tree by Michael Cysouw

• Based on the data of the WALS in April 2009
• Using the program SplitsTree -- a popular program
  for inferring phylogenetic trees or, more
  generally, phylogenetic networks from various
  types of data such as a sequence alignment, a
  distance matrix or a set of trees. According to
  its developers, SplitsTree uses published methods
  such as split decomposition neighbor-net,
  consensus network, super networks methods or
  methods for computing hybridization or simple
  recombination networks.
• Source http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SplitsTree
• A phylogenetic tree or evolutionary tree is a
  tree showing the evolutionary relationships among
  various biological species or other entities that
  are believed to have a common ancestor. In a
  phylogenetic tree, each node with descendants
  represents the most recent common ancestor of the
  descendants, and the edge lengths in some trees
  correspond to time estimates. Each node is called
  a taxonomic unit. Internal nodes are generally
  called hypothetical taxonomic units (HTUs) as
  they cannot be directly observed.
• Source http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylogenetic_t
  ree

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• Rokonszenv (NyTI)
• http//fu.nytud.hu/
• http//fu.nytud.hu/nyk.htm

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http//www.eki.ee/murded/fonoteek/

• http//www.eki.ee/murded/fonoteek/index.php?leht3
  haldusLiivi

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• http//kaino.kotus.fi/

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http//kaino.kotus.fi/cgi-bin/julk1/termit.cgi
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www.keeletehnoloogia.ee
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http//www.cl.ut.ee/korpused/kasutajaliides/
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http//eelex.eki.ee/shslogin.htm
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http//www.keeleveeb.ee/
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Filosoft freeware

• http//www.filosoft.ee/
• contains several useful language tools for
  Estonian

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http//www.eki.ee/

• Many electronic dictionaries, language resources
  can be found at the website of the Institute of
  the Estonian Language www.eki.ee
• Online reference grammar of Estonian
• http//www.eki.ee/books/ekk07/

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EKI resources

• Some exampleshttp//www.eki.ee/dict/http//www.
  eki.ee/corpus/http//www.eki.ee/knab/http//www.
  eki.ee/termin/Linguistic software 
  http//www.eki.ee/tarkvara/Help in language 
  http//www.eki.ee/keeleabi/The corpus of
  emotional speech  http//urve.eki.ee5000/Open
  for public dictionaries of EELexThe official
  spelling and meanings, newer version
  http//www.eki.ee/dict/qs2006/ The same
  dictionary, complex queries http//www.eki.ee/dic
  t/QS2006.tegemisel/full.htmlIn autumn 2009, the
  Monolingual dictionary will be made public.
• The basis for Estonian-X dictionaries, public
  version http//exsa.eki.ee/

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Keelevara

• Most electronic dictionaries can be found at
• http//www.keelevara.ee/
• http//www.keelevara.ee/login/

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Instructions for using the parser(Házi feladat)

• 1.Download the parser (author of this parser
  Kaili Müürisep) from the following website
  www.ut.ee/kaili/nptool/Oktoober.zip
• 2. Having unpacked the parser, you need to start
  the program by clicking on the icon that is
  indicated with blue highlight on the follolwing
  slide.
• 3. Copy the text you need to analyze in the upper
  window and see the solution in the lower one.
  Dont panic, it looks more complicated than it
  is!

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Missugused on eestlased?

• LA
• Missugused
• mis_suguned //_P_ inter rel pl nom cap //
  CLB _at_SUBJ _at_PRD
• on
• ole0 //_V_ main indic pres ps3 pl ps af
  FinV Intr // _at_FMV
• eestlased
• eestlaned //_S_ com pl nom // _at_SUBJ _at_PRD
• ?
• ? //_Z_ Int //
• LL

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Other linguistic corpora

• http//www.murre.ut.ee/vakkur/Gooti/pildid.htm
• http//www.murre.ut.ee/vakkur/Korpused/korpused.ht
  m
• http//www.murre.ut.ee/vakkur/Gooti/Originaal/Kiri
  .jpg.htm

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Homework

• Go through the WALS maps we discussed in the
  previous session and the maps number 49, 65, 68,
  77, 95, 112, 121, 122
• See what they contain and lack about Estonian and
  your language and DOCUMENT your findings in
  writing.
• Look at the websites and answer the questions on
  my slides of the first session.

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Summary

• This talk introduced the World Atlas of
  Linguistic Structures
• And briefly mentioned other linguistic databases,
  typological or not
• Focused a bit more on Estonian language resources
  that are available on the internet