Reformation

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Reformation
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TIMELINE

• c. 1360 Petrarch, an Italian scholar, develops
  the ideal of humanism
• 14034 Lorenzo Ghiberti works on first set of
  bronze doors for Baptistery in Florence
• c. 1450 The printing press is invented
• 146992 Lorenzo de Medici rules Florence
• 1489 Savonarola preaches moral reforms in
  Florence
• 1492 Columbus discovers America
• 14931506 Ancient Roman paintings and sculptures
  are discovered at Rome
• 1497 Portuguese explorers reach India
• 150813 Michelangelo paints the Sistine Chapel
  ceiling
• 1517 Luthers 95 Theses begin the Reformation
• 151922 Magellan circumnavigates the globe
• 1527 Emperor Charles V sacks Rome and imprisons
  the Pope
• 1564 William Shakespeare and Galileo Galilei are
  born

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Conditions of the Church

• Chaucers Canterbury Tales heaped sarcasm on the
  Church
• Boccaccios Decameron described immoral behavior
  of the clergy
• Conciliar Movement wanted reforms of the church
  in head and members
• Machiavellis The Prince relates, We Italians
  are irreligious and corrupt above others, because
  the Church and her representatives set us the
  worst example.
• Erasmus, in The Praise of Folly, condemned the
  absurd superstitions, extreme ignorance, and
  excessive rituals of Europeans, particularly
  local clergy

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The Church at the Local Level

• Villagers were semi-pagan, combining
  pre-Christian myths w/ Church teachings
• Village priests were peasants who could barely
  read and write Latin
• Often, they did not know the words they were
  mouthing during service (always in Latin)
• Their morality was little better than their
  fellow peasants. Accusations were many
• Violations of celibacy (mandated since the 4th
  century)
• Drunkenness
• Gambling
• Excessive wealth

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The Church Leaders

• Pluralism and absenteeism became so wide spread
  and abused that absurd situations developed
• Many (I) clerics in papal curia held bishoprics
  in (E) (F) (S) (G)
• Thomas Wolsey (E), Archbishop of York under Henry
  VIII, did not enter the city of York until 15
  years after he became its Bishop
• Antoine du Prat (F), Archbishop of Sens, first
  entered his cathedral in his own funeral
  procession
• Nationalist feelings bristled at (I) clerics
  taking money, in absentia, from the rest of Europe

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The Popes

• Pius II (r.1458-1464) wrote love stories and
  Latin poetry
• Sixtus IV (r.1471-1484) built Sistine Chapel,
  supported artists
• Innocent VIII (r.1484-1492) made papal court
  model of luxury and scandal
• Alexander VI (r.1492-1503) (Borgia Pope) publicly
  acknowledged his mistress and children
• Julius II (r.1503-1513) fought in battles to
  expand Papal States
• Leo X (r.1513-1521) (son of Lorenzo de Medici)
  was great patron of the arts

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Humanism Reform

• (E) (F) (S) (G) humanism started educational
  religious reforms
• Nationalistic in form (Pope ruled as secular
  Italian (I) lord, after all)

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Northern Humanism
Northern humanism was more diverse than (I)
counterpart - Wrote more to commoners -
Focused on reforming the Church - Unlike (I)
Humanism, wrote few secular works
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Johann Gutenberg (d.1468)

• Invented printing press w/ moveable type in
  Mainz, Germany
• Published Bible in 1454
• Could print for everyone
• Humanists had instrument to disseminate ideas
• Literacy increased
• Church was challenged on non-biblical doctrines,
  but the Church could use the press too!

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The Clergy

• Upper 3rd Estate nobility dominated higher
  Church offices
• Pluralism meant absentee Church leaders
• Local priests, unable to advance, often ignorant
  of the Gospels, and lacking spiritual guidance
  became increasingly frustrated. They either
  became disenchanted or chose individual pursuit
  of piety. In short, the links between the top of
  the Church pyramid and the bottom were being
  greatly weakened

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I Want to Know that I am Going to Heaven!

• People sought surety of salvation in 2 ways
• Purchase of relics indulgences, and pilgrimage
  trips
• Personal spiritual experience, as seen in the
  movement Modern Devotion, which established the
  Brothers of the Common Life lay religious order
• Thomas a Kempis (1380-1471) wrote The Imitation
  of Christ, a work outlining the need for a
  Christ-like life for salvation, rather than
  adherence to religious dogma

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The Churchs Theology Indulgences

• Sinners alienate themselves from God His love
• Sinner must confess do penance assigned by
  clergy
• Doctrine of indulgences rested on three
  principles
• God is merciful, but also just
• Christ saints, through infinite virtue,
  established treasury of merit from which the
  Church (Pope), through special relationship with
  them, can draw
• Church (Pope) has power to grant to sinners the
  spiritual benefits of those merits

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Luthers ReformationReligious or Political?

• Albrecht of Brandenburg bought Archbishopric for
  20,000 florins
• Pope Leo X secretly allowed Albrecht to keep 50
  of proceeds from sale of indulgences
• 1517 sale of indulgences by Tetzel conflicted w/
  Luthers belief in salvation through faith, not
  works. Wittenburg, Luthers school, was in
  Saxony, Germany
• Frederick III (the Wise) of Saxony, Elector of
  the Emperor, refused Tetzels sales on
  Fredericks soil.
• Tetzel set up shop just across the border and
  money flowed from Saxony to Tetzel
• Luther responded w/ 95 Theses on indulgences,
  writing them in German

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Luthers ReformationReligious or Political?

• Word spread quickly, and Tetzels sales plummeted
• 1518 Luther denounced Scholasticism as
  anti-intellectual, gaining support of Humanists,
  who declare themselves Lutherans
• Tetzel privately reprimanded by Archbishop
  Albrecht of Brandenburg, but Catholic Church
  publicly supported Tetzel (What was the
  alternative?)
• Pope underestimates problem claiming Luther is,
  some drunken German who will amend his ways when
  he sobers up.
• At the Leipzig Debate (1519) Luther was bested by
  Catholic apologist John Eck
• Luther forced to deny the authority of the Pope

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Luthers ReformationReligious or Political?

• 1520-1521 Peasants begin to understand fragments
  of the Gospels, in which it becomes clear that
  Jesus has sympathy for the poor, hostility toward
  the rich
• Peasants assume Luthers support literate 3rd
  Estate publish Karthans (Pitchfork John)
  supporting Luther
• Peasant view of Pope as great magician shattered
• Luther now the voice of millions, (peasants,
  nobility, and upper 3rd Estate, some middle 3rd
  Estate)
• 1520 Luther declares, Farewell, unhappy,
  hopeless, blasphemous Rome! The Wrath of God has
  come upon you, as you deserve.
• He begins to write hymns, and people begin to
  sing them

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The Church Responds!

• Unable to respond to Luthers printed attacked w/
  traditional Catholic teachings, the Pope
  excommunicates Luther in 1521
• Emperor Charles V summons Luther to Worms, where
  he is expected to recant. He does not
• Luther is declared an outlaw, goes into hiding
  for a year
• Support for Luther continues to grow.

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Charles V (r.1519-1556)

• 1519 Charles I of Spain becomes Charles V, HRE
  (unites Spain under 1 crown, makes Habsburg lands
  vast!)
• Wants to unite Europe under Catholic faith
• Personally controls nearly ½ of Europe
• Cannot stamp out Luther due to
• Weakness of HRE
• Support for Luther among Germans
• Frequent wars w/ rivals

Titian
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Peace of Augsburg

• Charles V forces to recognize that he could not
  stamp out Luther or the Reformation
• Princes will choose religion of their realms
• NOT an act of toleration
• Europe split
• C5 retires, gives throne to brother

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The Reformation Elsewhere

• Simultaneous, independent movements developed
  (F), Switz.
• Reformation in Zurich
• Anabaptists Radical Protestants
• Spiritualists
• Anti-Trinitarians

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John Calvins Geneva

• Calvin, passing through Geneva, was asked to stay
  reform Geneva church but forced to flee because
  his rules were seen as too harsh.
• 1540 Calvin returned reformed Geneva
• Wrote Institutes of the Christian Religion in
  1536, in Basel
• Surpassed Luther in popularity of beliefs by late
  16th century
• Principle elect should live manifestly
  God-pleasing lives
• Captured executed Michael Servetus in 1553
• Geneva became Calvinist refuge and womans
  paradise (wife-beating condemned)

Pastors
Teachers
Elders
Deacons
Believers
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The English Reformation

• (E) had long history of opposing Pope
• William Tyndale (1492-1536) translated Bible in
  (E) (1524-26)
• Lollardy (poor) Vernacular Bible, rejection of
  Pope as Church authority
• Christian Humanism (rich)
• Thomas More

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The Kings Affair

• 1509 H8 married dead brothers wife, Catherine
  of Aragon (HRE C5s aunt!) WHY?
• Special dispensation granted by Pope Julius II
  (remember WHAM! Youre excommunicated
  Remember Sistine chapel)
• No male heirs (just future Queen Mary I)
• H8 sought annulment (after 18 years!)
• Pope Clement VII delayed granting annulment out
  of fear WHY?
• 1529 Wolsey fired, Thomas Cromwell (1485-1540)
  1 advisor. Cromwell advises annulment by (E)
  clerical courts, not (I)!

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Sources of Catholic Reform

• Several Orders sought reform in the 1500s
• Reform the Church
• Educate pious men for Church leadership
• Individuals called for return to mystic piety
• Popes resisted threat to power

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Council of Trent (1545-1556)

• Three sessions, four popes, started _at_ insistence
  of Charles V WHY?
• Pope controlled, very Italian
• Results
• Church offices no longer for sale
• Bishops to reside in own dioceses
• Serve Mass regularly
• Better educated priests
• Seminary in every diocese
• All core doctrines kept
• Thomas Aquinass theology elevated
• Parishes improved w/ better clergy