The Reformation

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The Reformation
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Late Medieval Religion

• The Late Medieval Church and Spirituality
• Reputation for corruption
• Bad isms
• Worldly popes and clergy
• Ignorance
• Yet thriving!
• Mysticism
• Lay devotion

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Late Medieval Religion

• Salvation and Authority
• Salvation something to achieve through good
  works
• Authority
• Sacred Scripture
• Tradition of the Church
• Popes and councils

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Late Medieval Religion

• Indulgences
• Began as monetary gifts
• Became means of relaxing penance
• Treasury of Merits
• Pope can distribute merit to Christians by
  indulgences
• Can lessen time in Purgatory!

Indulgence preaching
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Late Medieval Religion

• Construction of ST. PETERS BASILICA, Rome
• Indulgence sales ? rebuilding process

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Late Medieval Religion

• Questions?

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Launching the Reformation

• Martin Luther (1483-1546)
• From Saxony, HRE
• Lightning storm ? joined Augustinian Order
  (1505)
• Tortured soul in monastery
• Sent to Wittenberg
• Earned doctorate in theology
• Popular professor, preacher
• Studied Bible in depth

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Launching the Reformation

• Luthers New Beliefs
• God is righteous, but gracious
• Humanity does not deserve grace, but is given
  it
• The righteous man shall live by faith (Romans
  117)

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Launching the Reformation

• The Indulgence Controversy
• Luther aware of indulgence preachers
• Penned Ninety-five Theses (1517)
• Attacked abuses in indulgence sales
• Nailed to Castle Church Door?
• Document ? very popular, controversial

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Launching the Reformation

• Luther the Rebel
• Papal bull drafted (1520) either recant or be
  excommunicated!
• Luthers Revolutionary Ideas
• SOLA SCRIPTURA (Scripture alone)
• SOLA FIDE (by faith alone)
• PRIESTHOOD OF ALL BELIEVERS
• Two sacraments

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Launching the Reformation

• The Diet of Worms (April 17-18, 1521)
• Church and emperor wanted resolution!
• Luther given safe conduct
• Asked to recant ? Unless I am convinced by
  Scripture

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Launching the Reformation

• Questions?

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Reformation Elsewhere

• John Calvin (1509-1564)
• Major Reformed leader
• Based in Geneva
• INSTITUTES OF THE CHRISTIAN RELIGION (1559)
• Major Teachings
• Majesty of God
• Depravity of humanity
• Centrality of faith and the Word
• Predestination

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Reformation Elsewhere

• Geneva under Calvin
• Had to work with city government
• Service of preaching, prayer, singing
• Discipline was strictly enforced
• No immorality
• You can do anything you want in Geneva as long
  as you dont enjoy it.
• Many resented Calvin
• Relief was provided to poor

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Reformation Elsewhere
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Reformation Elsewhere

• The Anabaptists
• Beliefs
• Believers Baptism
• Hands off for state!
• Pacifism
• Outside mainstream of church and society
• Perceived as threat ? persecuted

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Reformation Elsewhere
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Reformation Elsewhere
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Reformation Elsewhere

• The English Reformation
• King Henry VIII (r. 1509-1547)
• Renaissance prince
• Loyal Catholic
• Henry and Catherine of Aragon
• Married (1509) ? happy marriage
• But no surviving male heirs!
• The Great Matter
• Henry wanted a divorce (1527)
• Pope would not grant it
• Henry fell in love with Anne Boleyn

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Reformation Elsewhere

• A Legal Reformation
• Parliament was on board
• English ties to Rome severed in 1533
• The Divorce and Marriage
• Marriage to Catherine was dissolved
• Henry and Anne were married (June 1533)
• One daughter Elizabeth
• ACT OF SUPREMACY
• Henry VIII was declared Supreme Head of the
  Church of England

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Reformation Elsewhere

• Elizabeth I (r. 1558-1603)
• Succeeded to throne after brother and sister
• Edward VI (r. 1547-1553)
• Mary I (r. 1553-58)
• Sympathetic to Protestantism
• Religious question must be dealt with!
• Best method compromise
• Goal ? centrist Protestant

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Reformation Elsewhere

• The Elizabethan Religious Settlement
• Act of Supremacy (1559)
• Elizabeth ? supreme governor of realm and
  Church
• Traits of Church
• Centrist Protestant
• Protestant doctrine
• Traditional in celebration, organization
• Book of Common Prayer
• Still did not please everyone

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Reformation Elsewhere

• Questions?

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Early Modern Catholicism

• The Response of the Roman Church
• Protestant Reformation ? major loss to Church
• What next?
• Church had to reform itself
• Church had to respond to Protestant heretics

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Early Modern Catholicism

• The Capuchins
• Reformed branch of Franciscan Order
• Embraced absolute poverty
• Duties of Capuchins
• Preachers
• Missionaries
• Chaplains

Lorenzo da Brindisi at the Battle of
Székesfehérvár (1601)
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Early Modern Catholicism
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Early Modern Catholicism

• The Society of Jesus
• Founder Ignatius of Loyola (1491-1556)
• Most influential new order
• Duties of Jesuits
• Offered services to papacy
• Missionaries
• Educators

Ignatius of Loyola and the Jesuits before Pope
Paul III
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Early Modern Catholicism
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Early Modern Catholicism

• Papal Leadership in Reform
• Some holy popes
• Roman Inquisition (1542)
• INDEX OF PROHIBITED BOOKS (1559)

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Early Modern Catholicism

• Council of Trent (1545-1563)
• Reform
• Reformed clergy, religious orders
• Diocesan seminaries
• Doctrine
• SCRIPTURE AND TRADITION
• Seven sacraments
• Justification BY FAITH AND WORKS
• Bishops expected to implement in dioceses

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Early Modern Catholicism
St. Peters Basilica, Vatican City (consecrated
1626)
Bernini, St. Peters Square (1656-1667)
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Early Modern Catholicism

• Questions?

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The Reformation
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The Reformation

• What made Protestants different from Catholics?
• What were some of the differences among
  Protestants?
• Do we still see aftereffects of the Reformations
  today?