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The Reformation

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Title: The Reformation


1
The Reformation
2
Late Medieval Religion
  • The Late Medieval Church and Spirituality
  • Reputation for corruption
  • Bad isms
  • Worldly popes and clergy
  • Ignorance
  • Yet thriving!
  • Mysticism
  • Lay devotion

3
Late Medieval Religion
  • Salvation and Authority
  • Salvation something to achieve through good
    works
  • Authority
  • Sacred Scripture
  • Tradition of the Church
  • Popes and councils

4
Late Medieval Religion
  • Indulgences
  • Began as monetary gifts
  • Became means of relaxing penance
  • Treasury of Merits
  • Pope can distribute merit to Christians by
    indulgences
  • Can lessen time in Purgatory!

Indulgence preaching
5
Late Medieval Religion
  • Construction of ST. PETERS BASILICA, Rome
  • Indulgence sales ? rebuilding process

6
Late Medieval Religion
  • Questions?

7
Launching the Reformation
  • Martin Luther (1483-1546)
  • From Saxony, HRE
  • Lightning storm ? joined Augustinian Order
    (1505)
  • Tortured soul in monastery
  • Sent to Wittenberg
  • Earned doctorate in theology
  • Popular professor, preacher
  • Studied Bible in depth

8
Launching the Reformation
  • Luthers New Beliefs
  • God is righteous, but gracious
  • Humanity does not deserve grace, but is given
    it
  • The righteous man shall live by faith (Romans
    117)

9
Launching the Reformation
  • The Indulgence Controversy
  • Luther aware of indulgence preachers
  • Penned Ninety-five Theses (1517)
  • Attacked abuses in indulgence sales
  • Nailed to Castle Church Door?
  • Document ? very popular, controversial

10
Launching the Reformation
  • Luther the Rebel
  • Papal bull drafted (1520) either recant or be
    excommunicated!
  • Luthers Revolutionary Ideas
  • SOLA SCRIPTURA (Scripture alone)
  • SOLA FIDE (by faith alone)
  • PRIESTHOOD OF ALL BELIEVERS
  • Two sacraments

11
Launching the Reformation
  • The Diet of Worms (April 17-18, 1521)
  • Church and emperor wanted resolution!
  • Luther given safe conduct
  • Asked to recant ? Unless I am convinced by
    Scripture

12
Launching the Reformation
  • Questions?

13
Reformation Elsewhere
  • John Calvin (1509-1564)
  • Major Reformed leader
  • Based in Geneva
  • INSTITUTES OF THE CHRISTIAN RELIGION (1559)
  • Major Teachings
  • Majesty of God
  • Depravity of humanity
  • Centrality of faith and the Word
  • Predestination

14
Reformation Elsewhere
  • Geneva under Calvin
  • Had to work with city government
  • Service of preaching, prayer, singing
  • Discipline was strictly enforced
  • No immorality
  • You can do anything you want in Geneva as long
    as you dont enjoy it.
  • Many resented Calvin
  • Relief was provided to poor

15
Reformation Elsewhere
16
Reformation Elsewhere
  • The Anabaptists
  • Beliefs
  • Believers Baptism
  • Hands off for state!
  • Pacifism
  • Outside mainstream of church and society
  • Perceived as threat ? persecuted

17
Reformation Elsewhere
18
Reformation Elsewhere
19
Reformation Elsewhere
  • The English Reformation
  • King Henry VIII (r. 1509-1547)
  • Renaissance prince
  • Loyal Catholic
  • Henry and Catherine of Aragon
  • Married (1509) ? happy marriage
  • But no surviving male heirs!
  • The Great Matter
  • Henry wanted a divorce (1527)
  • Pope would not grant it
  • Henry fell in love with Anne Boleyn

20
Reformation Elsewhere
  • A Legal Reformation
  • Parliament was on board
  • English ties to Rome severed in 1533
  • The Divorce and Marriage
  • Marriage to Catherine was dissolved
  • Henry and Anne were married (June 1533)
  • One daughter Elizabeth
  • ACT OF SUPREMACY
  • Henry VIII was declared Supreme Head of the
    Church of England

21
Reformation Elsewhere
  • Elizabeth I (r. 1558-1603)
  • Succeeded to throne after brother and sister
  • Edward VI (r. 1547-1553)
  • Mary I (r. 1553-58)
  • Sympathetic to Protestantism
  • Religious question must be dealt with!
  • Best method compromise
  • Goal ? centrist Protestant

22
Reformation Elsewhere
  • The Elizabethan Religious Settlement
  • Act of Supremacy (1559)
  • Elizabeth ? supreme governor of realm and
    Church
  • Traits of Church
  • Centrist Protestant
  • Protestant doctrine
  • Traditional in celebration, organization
  • Book of Common Prayer
  • Still did not please everyone

23
Reformation Elsewhere
  • Questions?

24
Early Modern Catholicism
  • The Response of the Roman Church
  • Protestant Reformation ? major loss to Church
  • What next?
  • Church had to reform itself
  • Church had to respond to Protestant heretics

25
Early Modern Catholicism
  • The Capuchins
  • Reformed branch of Franciscan Order
  • Embraced absolute poverty
  • Duties of Capuchins
  • Preachers
  • Missionaries
  • Chaplains

Lorenzo da Brindisi at the Battle of
Székesfehérvár (1601)
26
Early Modern Catholicism
27
Early Modern Catholicism
  • The Society of Jesus
  • Founder Ignatius of Loyola (1491-1556)
  • Most influential new order
  • Duties of Jesuits
  • Offered services to papacy
  • Missionaries
  • Educators

Ignatius of Loyola and the Jesuits before Pope
Paul III
28
Early Modern Catholicism
29
Early Modern Catholicism
  • Papal Leadership in Reform
  • Some holy popes
  • Roman Inquisition (1542)
  • INDEX OF PROHIBITED BOOKS (1559)

30
Early Modern Catholicism
  • Council of Trent (1545-1563)
  • Reform
  • Reformed clergy, religious orders
  • Diocesan seminaries
  • Doctrine
  • SCRIPTURE AND TRADITION
  • Seven sacraments
  • Justification BY FAITH AND WORKS
  • Bishops expected to implement in dioceses

31
Early Modern Catholicism
St. Peters Basilica, Vatican City (consecrated
1626)
Bernini, St. Peters Square (1656-1667)
32
Early Modern Catholicism
  • Questions?

33
The Reformation
34
The Reformation
  • What made Protestants different from Catholics?
  • What were some of the differences among
    Protestants?
  • Do we still see aftereffects of the Reformations
    today?
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