The Reformation

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The Reformation

• Historiography

• Photo Credits
• Sacred Destinations Lucas Cranach
• Gertrude Kanu Lee Lai
• Stephen Komp Charlotte Nordahl
• Mike Reed Alex Bepple
• Debra Dinda R. Bean

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Multiple Viewpoints

• Catholic reckless revolt
• polity / church governance
• Protestant religious vitality
• religious vitality
• Secular cultural maze-way
• class/cultural struggle

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Complex Causes

• Derivative
• Many causes had roots in prior centurys
  struggles
• Determinative
• Creative and bold leaders were instrumental in
  shaping Reformation direction

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Demarcating the Reformation

• Continental Reformation
• 1517-1545 (Wittenberg to Trent)
• Breadth / Scope
• German (Lutheran)
• Swiss (Reformed)
• Radical (Anabaptist)
• English (Anglican)
• Catholic (Counter-reformation)

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The Reformation

• Five Causes ofContinental Reformation

• Photo Credits
• Sacred Destinations Lucas Cranach
• Gertrude Kanu Lee Lai
• Stephen Komp Charlotte Nordahl
• Mike Reed Alex Bepple
• Debra Dinda R. Bean

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Education Enhancements

• Impact of Nominalism on scholastic theology
• Undercut Medieval synthesis
• The New Learning(15th-16th centuries)
• Impact of Renaissance and Christian humanism

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New World Discoveries

• Exploration opened up European world to Western
  hemisphere
• Rise of Imperialism coveting of new world wealth
• Political imperialism inspired religious
  expansion and control

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Economic Transformation

• Church was draining resources to finance
  ultramontane agendas
• Discontent among peasants exploited by landowners
• Merchant class (bourgeois) expanding in
  power/size

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Rising Nationalism Nation States

• From feudalism to centralized monarchies
• Splintering the Empire in 16th c
• Severance from Papal-Church control
• Dissolving ancient ideal of Christendom -- End of
  an Era

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Four Ecclesiastical Pressures

• Problems in structure / function of papacy
• Secularity / declining authority of hierarchy
• Church taxation become more burdensome
• Many poor Popes just preceding the Reformation
• Religious abuses interdict / excommunication
  common
• Political intrigue Questions over papacys
  temporal power raised

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Four Ecclesiastical Pressures

• Problems in the function of the church
• Secularization of clergy
• Education priestly education needed
• Simony creating offices and selling the posts
• Sinecures Salaried position without any work
• Injustices/abuses
• Indulgence abuses

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Four Ecclesiastical Pressures

• Doctrinal Confusion Misunderstanding the source
  of decadence/decay
• Official view of 16th c. reform skewed
  moral/practical only
• Doctrinal/theological change needed
• Failure of all earlier attempts at reform
• Mysticism
• Conciliarism
• Prophetic Messengers

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The Reformation

• The Lutheran Reformationof Martin Luther

• Photo Credits
• Sacred Destinations Lucas Cranach
• Gertrude Kanu Lee Lai
• Stephen Komp Charlotte Nordahl
• Mike Reed Alex Bepple
• Debra Dinda R. Bean

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Martin Luther Biographical Sketch

• Formative Years to 1517
• Born to Hans Luder (miner)
• University of Erfert
• Monastery Augustinian Monk
• Ordained A miserable first mass
• Pursuit of Theological Studies
• Wittenberg University
• Pilgrimage to Rome
• Evangelical Breakthrough
• Romans 116-17
• 97 Theses

Hans Luder
Margarethe Luder
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Martin Luther Biographical Sketch

• Indulgence Developments 1517
• Archbishops request for dispensation
• Tetzel preaches the papal Indulgence
• Frederick the Wise of Saxony prohibited sale in
  his territory
• Luther shocked by instructions given
• Oct. 31 1517 he posts 95 Theses onWittenberg
  Castle Church to dispute issue

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Schlosskirche - Castle Churchby Alex Bepple
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Schlosskirche - Castle Churchby Alex Bepple
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Martin Luther Biographical Sketch

• Indulgence Developments 1517
• Archbishops request for dispensation
• Tetzel preaches the papal Indulgence
• Frederick the Wise of Saxony prohibited sale in
  his territory
• Luther shocked by instructions given
• Oct. 31 1517 he posts 95 Theses onWittenberg
  Castle Church to dispute issue
• Rapid dissemination of Theses

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Reaction to the Wild Boar

• Luther Ordered to Give an Account of His Ideas
  Diet of Augsburg
• The Leipzig Debate, 1519
• Eck vs. Luther The excommunication
• Luthers Publications
• On Good Works
• Address to Christian Nobility of the German
  Nation
• Babylonian Captivity of the Church
• The Freedom of a Christian

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Reaction to the Wild Boar

• The Diet of Worms - January 1521
• My conscience is a prisoner of Gods word. I
  cannot and will not recant, for to disobey ones
  conscience is neither just nor safe. God help me.
  Amen.
• Here I stand by Roland Bainton
• Motto Peace where possible, but truth at any
  cost.
• Edict of Worms Condemns Luther as heretic
• Luther is now to be seen as a convicted
  heretic. He has 21 days from the 15th of April.
  After that time, no one should give him shelter.
  His followers also are to be condemned, and his
  books will be erased from human memory.

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Painting of the Diet of Worms in the Lutherhalle,
Wittenbergby S Komp
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Detail of plaque at Diet of Worms
Plaque marking the spot where Luther stood before
the Diet of Worms
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Reaction to the Wild Boar

• Frederick the Wise kidnaps Luther
• Secluded at Wartburg Castle as Knight George
• Translates Bible into German
• Writes On Monastic Vows

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Reformation Takes Hold 1521-1530

• Problems back at Wittenberg
• Karlstadt
• The Zwickau Prophets
• Eight Days of Wittenberg Sermons
• Further Events in the early movement
• Political contests helped shield Luther from
  arrest
• Humanist Separation over the nature of man
• Radical Reformers like Thomas Muntzer
• Peasant Revolt 1524-1525
• Luthers marriage to Katherine von Bora in 1525

City Church (Stadtkirche)
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Painting of Martin Luther being introduced to
Katherina von Bora
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Katharinenportal exterior nichePhoto by S. Komp
Katherine von Bora
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Scenesfromthe Lutherhaus
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Politics of Reform

• First Diet of Speyer 1526
• cuius regio eius religio each region its own
  religion
• Second Diet of Speyer 1529
• Protestatio
• The Marburg Colloquy 1529 (October)
• Consubstantiation vs. Memorial
• The Diet of Augsburg 1530 (June)
• Augsburg Confession
• The Schmalkald League 1531
• April 15, 1531 deadline for Lutheranism

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Political Developments

• Ambitious Reunion Plans of Emperor
• Charles Vs Great Plan forced reunion
• Assisted by Protestant setbacks
• Philip of Hesse sinks his political career
• Luther dies (1546)
• Schmalkaldic Wars (1546-1552)

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Political Developments

• Peace of Augsburg 1555
• Equal rights (freedom of religion) extended to
  Catholics and Lutherans only
• Princes determine faith, not populace
• Territories/properties revert to holdings as of
  1552
• Those dissatisfied with territorial religion
  allowed one uninhibited emigration to territory
  of their choice

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Reformed Doctrines of Lutheranism
Summary of Luthers Ideology
Question
How is a person saved?
Where does religious authority lie?
What is the Church?
What is the essence of Christian living?
Lutheran Response
Not by works but by faith alone
Not in visible institution of R.C. church, but in the Word of God found in Scripture
The whole community of Christian believers, since all are priests
Serving God in any useful calling
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Reformed Doctrines of Lutheranism

• The Book of Concord 1580(Last great Lutheran
  Creed/Symbols)
• Three Universal Creeds of early church
• Augsburg Confession
• Apology (of Augsburg Confession)
• Schmalkald Articles
• Small and Large Catechisms
• Confessionalism ? Protestant Scholasticism

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