The Cold War in Asia, China, Korea

1
The Cold War in Asia, China, Korea Vietnam
2
Dean Acheson United States Position on China
(1949)

• Secretary of State under Truman
• played a central role in the creation of many
  important institutions
• Lend Lease
• the Marshall Plan
• the United Nations
• NATO
• the IMF
• World Bank
• After the Communist takeover of China, Acheson
  defended his previous strategy
• Argues that the U.S. provided enough aid to
  anti-Communist forces
• 2 billion to the Chinese govt
• 232 million in military aid
• Blames the Nationalist leadership for a lack of a
  will to fight
• Credits the Communists for ruthless discipline
  fanatical zeal
• Acheson rules out full-scale American
  intervention because it would be too costly
  would be resented by the Chinese's masses

3
Mao Zedongs Speech Commemorating the 20th
Anniversary of the Chinese Communist Party (June
30, 1949)

• After defeating the Nationalists forces, the
  Peoples Republic of China on October 1, 1949.
• With victory in his sight, Mao delivered a speech
  on the anniversary of the party
• The Russian Revolution altered China
• The Chinese found Marxism-Leninism as the
  universal truth
• Because China has suffered under imperialism,
  bourgeoisie democracy will never work there
• Communism has brought advances to China
• Under the leadership of the Proletariat, the
  workers, petty bourgeoisie, peasants national
  bourgeoisie have united
• Externally, the Communist bloc has welcomed China
  into its fold
• There can be no compromise with democratic
  elements
• Mao justifies his dictatorship because
  imperialism still exists in the world
• If the Chinese bourgeoisie adhere to the
  Communist policy, they will be allowed to
  prosper, if not, the state will force them to
  comply

4
China Gets the Bomb (1964)

• Mao once derided atomic weapons the United
  States as "paper tigers
• in October 1864, China detonated its first atomic
  bomb
• This press statement explains why China decided
  to develop nuclear weapons
• China declares that the development of the bomb
  is essential for defense
• The bomb will help China in its struggle to
  oppose the U.S. imperialist policy of nuclear
  blackmail and nuclear threats
• China had advocated the abolishment of nuclear
  weapons, but the U.S. blocked these efforts
• Nuclear weapons a deterrent to U.S. aggression

5
Pravda Editorial concerning The Anti-Soviet
Policy of Communist China (February 16, 1967)

• Shortly after Maos victory in 1949, China joined
  the Soviet Bloc as an ally
• After the death of Stalin, Mao believed
  Khrushchev was too conciliatory to the West.
• Khrushchev angered Mao by refusing to give China
  nuclear weapons
• During the Cultural Revolution, Mao fanned the
  flames of anti-Soviet sentiment amongst Chinas
  youth
• '''Sino-Soviet split''' was a major diplomatic
  conflict which began in the late 1950s
• The Soviet newspaper Pravda denounced Maos
  policy in 1967
• Accused Mao of trying to divert the attention
  from his many domestic foreign policy mistakes
  
• Mao has built a cult of personality that has
  reached absurd proportions
• The editorial argued that Mao Tse-tung could not
  remain in power without slandering the USSR
• But Maos anti-Soviet campaign had serious
  consequences
• It weakened the Communist bloc worsened the
  entire political situation in Asia
• It also directly helped the Americans

6
Richard Nixons Remarks at Andrews Air Force Base
on Returning From the People's Republic of China

• Nixon decided to exploit the Sino-Soviet split to
  tip the balance of the Cold War in the United
  States favor
• At the conclusion of his trip, the United States
  and the PRC Governments issued the Shanghai
  Communiqué, a statement of their foreign policy
  views
• both nations pledged to work toward the full
  normalization of diplomatic relations
• The U.S. acknowledged the notion that all Chinese
  on both sides of the Taiwan Strait maintain that
  there is only one China and that Taiwan is part
  of China
• Fearing the possibility of a Sino-American
  alliance, the Soviet Union yielded to American
  pressure for détente
• The first Strategic Arms Limitation Talks were
  finally concluded the same year with the SALT I
  treaty
• Upon his return, Nixon delivered an address at
  Andrews Air Force Base
• Described the mission to China as a mission for
  peace
• Goal was to reestablish communication with China
  after a generation of hostility
• agreements were reached to expand cultural,
  educational, and journalistic contacts

7
Security Treaty Between the United States,
Australia, and New Zealand (ANZUS) September 1,
1951

• The ANZUS Treaty is a military alliance binding
  Australia and the United States, and separately
  Australia and New Zealand to cooperate on defense
  matters in the Pacific Ocean area.
• treaty was concluded at San Francisco on 1
  September 1951, and entered into force on April
  29, 1952
• The Treaty was based on the principle of the
  United Nations
• The Treaty was intended to deter any potential
  aggressor in the Pacific
• Each signatory agrees to cooperate towards peace
  stability in the Pacific

8
Security Treaty Between Japan the U.S. (Sept.
8, 1951)

• Part of the wider American defense network in the
  Pacific
• Japan loses its inherent right of self defense
• Still, the Treaty recognizes that Japan as a
  sovereign nation
• The United States will maintain military forces
  in around the Japanese islands
• Interestingly, American forces can be used to put
  down large scale internal riots
• This clause was directed against Communist
  subversion in Japan
• The treaty left Japan with a sizeable American
  military force that persists to this day

9
Southeast Asia Collective Defense Treaty
(September 8, 1954)

• Also known as the Manila Pact or SEATO
• created to oppose further Communist gains in
  Southeast Asia
• headquarters was located in Bangkok, Thailand
• The Treaty reaffirmed U.N. principles
• Members will use peaceful means to settle
  international disputes
• Members will use joint military operations
• members will prevent and counter subversive
  activities
• This is directed against internal Communist
  movements
• Treaty established a Council as an administrative
  organ
• unable to intervene in the early conflicts of
  Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam because an
  intervention required a decision of unanimity
• The organization formally ended in 1977

10
SEATO MEMBERS
11
Report of The United Nations Commission on Korea,
1950

• the U.S the USSR divided Korea along the 38th
  parallel after World War II but the US did not
  consider this to be a permanent partition.
• South Korean President Syngman Rhee and North
  Korean General Secretary Kim Il-sung were both
  intent on reuniting the peninsula under their own
  system.
• On June 25, 1950, North Korea struck across the
  38th parallel
• Soon afterwards, the United Nations debated the
  issue.
• Having walked out just prior to the debate, the
  Soviets were unable to prevent the passage of a
  U.N. resolution which pledged assistance to the
  beleaguered South Koreans.
• This U.N. Report on Korea outlines the causes of
  the war and efforts to stabilize the situation.
• The report places blame on North Korea for the
  conflict
• The division of Korea into two states is
  described as artificial the primary cause of
  the war
• Although the reunification of Korea is desired,
  the North Korean govt is an obstacle to this
  goal
• It is important that democracy be maintained in
  Korea

12
Andrei A. Gromyko On American Intervention in
Korea (1950)

• Andrei Andreyevich Gromyko (1909 1989) was a
  Soviet politician and diplomat
• served as Minister for Foreign Affairs for the
  Soviet Union (1957-1985) and Chairman of the
  Presidium of the Supreme Soviet (1985-1988).
• At outbreak of the Korean War, Gromyko condemned
  U.S. intervention in the conflict.
• Gromyko blamed South Korea for provoking the
  North
• Accused the South of planning to invade the North
• Also blamed the U.S. for encouraging the South to
  attack
• U.S. is using the United Nations as a cover for
  its aggressive designs

13
Truman On Korea and Relieving Macarthur from
Command (April 11, 1951)

• To lead U.N. forces in the Korean War, Truman
  appointed the aggressive outspoken general
  Douglas MacArthur
• In October 1950, Communist China intervened on
  North Korea's behalf, raising the specter of a
  third world war.
• MacArthur urged Truman to attack Chinese bases
  across the Yalu River and use atomic bombs if
  necessary. Truman refused both suggestions.
• The Chinese pushed American forces far back into
  South Korea, but after much bloody conflict the
  opposing forces eventually found themselves back
  at the original starting point.
• Truman did not want to draw Russia its atomic
  weapons into the conflict.
• On April 11, 1951, Truman relieved MacArthur of
  his command.
• The war, and the dismissal of MacArthur, helped
  to make Truman so unpopular that he eventually
  chose not to seek a third term.
• Truman defended his decision
• The goal in Korea is to prevent a world war
• MacArthur wanted to escalate the conflict which,
  in Trumans opinion, was too dangerous
• It was therefore necessary to dismiss the general

14
General Douglas Macarthur Farewell Address to
Congress (April 19, 1951)

• After his dismissal, MacArthur returned to
  Washington (his first time in the continental US
  in 11 years), where he made his last public
  appearance in a farewell address to the U.S.
  Congress, which was interrupted by thirty
  ovations.
• In this closing speech, he recalled "Old
  soldiers never die, they just fade away." 'And
  like the old soldier of that ballad, I now close
  my military career and just fade away - an old
  soldier who tried to do his duty as God gave him
  the light to see that duty. Good-bye.
• On his return from Korea, after his relief by
  Truman, MacArthur encountered massive public
  adulation, which aroused expectations that he
  would run for the US presidency as a Republican
  in the 1952 election.
• In this document, MacArthur defends his position
  on the Korean conflict.
• The Communist threat is global, the U.S. must
  have a global strategy
• The U.S. cannot appease the Communists
• Since WW2, the Pacific is a vital area for
  American defense
• To win the war in Korea, the U.S. had to attack
  China
• The Korean people want need American assistance

15
Vietnamese Declaration of Independence, 1945

• After the defeat of Japan in 1945, France, the
  old colonial power, tried to reclaim its colonies
  in Indochina - i.e. Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos.
• But France faced opposition, which it had been
  able to beat down before the war, from a
  nationalist political party.
• This party, the Vietnamese Communist Party, had
  been founded in Paris in 1930 by Ho Chi Minh
  (1890 1969)
• The Viet Minh fought a guerilla war against both
  the Japanese and the Vichy French forces - making
  the Viet Minh an ally of the United States at
  that time.
• Looking for recognition from the United States
  and other Western countries, Ho and his
  colleagues proclaimed the Democratic Republic of
  Vietnam on September 2, 1945. The Vietnamese
  Declaration of Independence mirrored the United
  States own declaration of 1776
• It also cited the French declaration of the
  Rights of Man
• The document outlined French misdeeds against the
  Vietnamese urged the West to recognize Vietnam
• Instead of supporting the Republic, the West
  recognized French claims.

16
Bibliography

• Slide 1
• Photo of Mao http//content.answers.com/main/cont
  ent/wp/en/thumb/8/82/180px-Mao-tiananmen-portrait.
  jpg
• Photo of MacArthur http//www.bibl.u-szeged.hu/bi
  bl/mil/ww2/who/pics/macarthur.jpg
• Vietnam Memorial http//imagecache2.allposters.co
  m/images/pic/NYG/30175Vietnam-War-Memorial-Poster
  s.jpg
• Korean War Memorial http//www.kestan.com/dcstock
  /monuments/IMG_058320korean20war20memorial20(o
  k).jpg
• Time Magazine Cover http//img.timeinc.net/time/m
  agazine/archive/covers/1975/1101750512_400.jpg
• Slide 2
• Time Magazine Cover http//img.timeinc.net/time/m
  agazine/archive/covers/1951/1101510108_400.jpg
• Slide 3
• Photo of Mao http//www.chiny.republika.pl/Mao20
  Zedong.jpg
• Slide 4
• Photo of Mao the Bomb http//www.vce.com/cgi-bi
  n/Images/AtomicArt/maobomb.jpg
• Slide 5
• Chinese-Soviet Flags http//www.isn.ethz.ch/php/r
  esearch/AreaStudies/SinoSoviet_Relations/sino_sovi
  et.gif
• Anti-Soviet Chinese Propaganda
  http//www.what-means.com/encyclopedia/images/thum
  b/f/f8/300px-Ac.maoposter.jpg
• Slide 6
• Original Photo of Nixon Chairman Mao
  http//www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/premade/28067/14a.jpg
  
• Original Photo of Richard Pat Nixon Visiting
  the Great Wall http//www.beegewelborn.com/swills
  tuff/nixonGreatWall.jpg
• Slide 7