Vortrag Carsten

1
Scientific Case of ELI Nuclear Physics
D. Habs LMU München Fakultät f.
Physik Max-Planck-Institut f. Quantenoptik
2
Outline

• g beam ELI high-power laser electron beam
• New nuclear physics with the g beam
• Nuclear resonance fluorescence radioactive
  waste measurement
• Chaos in nuclear physics
• Pygmy resonance
• Parity-violating nuclear forces
• Applications
• New medical radioisotopes
• Brilliant, intense positron beams
• A new, brilliant neutron source
• NRF radioactive waste management
• New nuclear physics with the APOLLON laser
• From TNSA to light pressure acceleration of ions
• Relativistic electron mirrors and g beams
• Fission fusion and the N 126 waiting point of
  the r-process
• Fundamental physics physics of the vacuum
• Brilliant high-energy g production and pair
  creation in vacuum
• Real part of the index of refraction changed
  phase velocity

3
Major components of ELI-NP

• APOLLON laser stand alone
• 210 PW
• 15 fs
• 1/min
• 1024 W/cm2
• 2.51015 V/m

• g beam stand-alone
• Emax 13 MeV (19 MeV)
• 12 kHz
• ring-down cavity for photons
• warm electron linac, 600 MeV
• high brilliance (DEg/Eg 103)
• high flux (I 1013 s1)

• APOLLON e beam
• Eg 100500 MeV
• 1/min
• flux Ig 106 / 15 fs
• pair creation 1024 W/cm2 500 MeV g

4
Layout of ELI-NP
2 APOLLON
Gamma beam Electron beam
5
Compton scattering Linear non-linear
j
e
q
High resolution
For large laser forces 108 higher gamma
energies
6
g beams and new nuclear physics
Backshifted Fermi gas model or Constant
temperature model T.v.Egidy et al., Phys.Rev. C
80, 059310 (2010).
Gamma strength function M. Guttormsen et al.,
Phys. Rev. C 63, 044313 (2001).
E1 milli Weisskopf units M1 strong scissors
mode 1 W.U.
Integrated excitation cross section
7
High brilliance vs. high flux Gamma beam

• Best high brilliance high flux In 4-5 years
  ERLs with 100 mA will be available
• (D. Bilderhack et al., Synchr. Rad. News 23,
  32 (2010).
• Nuclear spectroscopy
• 10-3 BW (Barty 10-4 possible) extremely
  important to explore individual
• resonances, variable resolution best
• beam intensity has to be reduced to 109/s
• new MHz rates of fast risetime nuclear detectors
  with flash ADCs
• high resolution reduces strong atomic background
  (20-30 b/atom)
• In general one has to compare high brilliance and
  high flux for each experiment,
• e.g. positrons energy resolution of gamma beam
  is not important, but emittance
• Positron moderation efficiency from 10-6 to 10-3.
• Crystal monochromator
• Conversion of high flux to high resolution beam
  is less efficient, since crystal monochromator
  requires also good beam divergence.

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Double crystal monochromator (GAMS, M. Jentschel
(ILL))
Single crystal resolution is defined by beam
divergence h/L ? TOO LARGE for eV resolution
1 mrad
FWHM
10 nrad

• Double Crystal Spectrometer
• First Crystal defines beam axis with nrad
• Bragg Angle is measured _at_ second crystal
• Resolution is energy independent
• Resolution DE/E 10-6

9
Performance of GAMS (GAMS, M. Jentschel (ILL))
Diffraction efficiency of a 2.5mm Si220 _at_ 0.8 MeV
Energy Resolution of a 2.5mm Si220 _at_ 1.1 MeV
4.5 eV _at_ 1.1 MeV
22 _at_ 0.8 MeV
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GAMS monochromator
Starting with 1013 g/s and 10-3 bandwidth we get
for a reflectivity per crystal of 10
Bandwidth Intensity
10-5 107 g/s
10-6 105 g/s
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Nano-focusing refractive lens
For hard g-rays (200 keV) refractive lenses have
been successfully tested.
Extension to MeV energies for new brilliant g
beams.
Test of d theory for higher energies M.
Jentschel et al., ILL proposal 3-03-731 Test of
nano-lens array at MEGa-ray facility C.G. Schroer
et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 054802 (2005).
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Nuclear res. fluorescence

• Extension up to 4 MeV
• 239Pu and 235U
• Minor actinides 237Np, 241Am, 243Am, 244Cm,
  247Cm
• Fission fragments 137Cs, 129I, 99Tc

T. Hayakawa et al., NIM A 261, 695 (2010).
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Regular motion and chaos in nuclear physics
Compound nucleus (N. Bohr, Nature, 1936)
50 levels with the same mean level spacing
Wigner distribution Porter-Thomas
distribution Random matrix theory
chaos Generic spectra H.A. Weidenmüller et al.,
Rev. Mod. Phys. 81, 539 (2009). G.M. Mitchell et
al., arXiv1001.2422v1 (2010).
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Nuclear resonances Pygmy and giant resonance
Average values and fluctuating quantities
With GAMS monochromator we can study individual
resonances at PDR.
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Parity violating NN-force (I)
extremely short-range
Very weak contribution GF 1.166105/GeV2
rnuc fm3 nuclear density pF/M nuclear
velocity at the Fermi level 0.3 (v/c) U0 50
MeV strength of nucleon-nucleus interaction
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Parity-violating NN-force (II)

• We need tricks to enhance PNC-effects in nuclei
• Suppression of regular transitions
• Use close-lying parity doublets
• Aim measure different components of PNC-NN
  interaction
• Status present coupling constants are
  inconsistent due to insufficient data accuracy.
• ? reliable experiments with new more brilliant,
  intense g beam are required!

17
New experiments (II) Basic doublet parameters of
20Ne
Present data 11270 keV Gg0 0.716
eV 11262.3 keV Gg0 11 eV DE (7.7 5.7)
keV g cascades from separate experiments. We can
switch linear polarization shot after shot and
can compare 11270 keV and 11262.3 keV difference,
and can compensate for small drift of Ge
detector. ? DE to better than 0.7 keV. We can
compare E1 and M1 excitation from shot to shot
and determine Gg0 values to better than 0.1 eV.
20Ne
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Applications
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Positron source (I) NEPOMUC at reactor FRM II
ELI-NP
Ig 91015/s Ie 9108 s1 B 4105/(mm2
mrad2 eV s) emod 310-6
C. Hugenschmidt et al., NIM A 554, 384 (2005).
Ig 1013/s Ie 3109 s1 B 2106/(mm2 mrad2
eV s) emod 210-3 Dt 1-2 ps
(pulsed) Switchable polarization
W-foil
e
g
Self-moderation, negative electron affinity e
range 100 mm
C. Hugenschmidt, K. Schreckenbach, D. Habs, P.
Thirolf, Appl. Phys. B, submitted arXiv1103.0513
v1 nucl-ex
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Medical radioisotopes (I)
Production of 50 new medical isotopes with gamma
beams. D.Habs, U.Koester, Appl. Phys. B DOI
10.1007/S00340-010-4278-1
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195mPt Labeled chemotherapy and therapy against
resistances
Chemotherapy Treatment of tumors before and
after other cancer therapies many (80)
cytotoxic Pt compounds cisplatin,
carbonplatin Aim label chemotherapy and study
anti-tumor efficiency application
intravenously, intraarterially, orally
temperature (hyperthermic treatment) non-respond
ing patients identified in advance (30) treat
multi-resistant cancer cells with therapeutic
dose of 195mPt Importance in Germany ( 80 mio.
people) we have 1.5 mio. chemotherapies/year
average cost 20 k 30 bill. /year Improvements
Identify optimum gateway state cross section
? 104 verify labeled chemotherapy with 195mPt
from reactor (but 13000 b destruction cross
section)
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Medical radioisotopes (II) 44Ti
46Ti(g,2n)44Ti (60 a) generator
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44Ti/44Sc generator (I)
Long-lived generator for hospital, Continuous
production of 44Sc 2511 keV 1157 keV
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44Ti/44Sc generator (II) g-PET
Measure momentum of Compton electron in strongly
pixeled detectors Determine direction and
position of 1157 keV ? 3D reconstruction of
decaying 44Sc 2D reconstruction of collinear line
with PET PET Positron Emission Tomography
Better resolution, less dose
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Nuclear resonance fluorescence Applications

• Radioactive waste management
• study 238U/235U and dominant fission fragments
  in barrels
• isotope-specific identification of location and
  quantity (735 keV transition in 235U), 239Pu,
  fast detection without destruction of sample
• Nuclear material detection (homeland security)
• scan containers in harbors for nuclear material
  and explosives
• detect specific small isotopic amounts (like
  210Po)
• Burn-up of nuclear fuel rods
• fuel elements are frequently changed in position
  to obtain a homogeneous burn-up
• measuring the final 235U, 238U content may allow
  to use fuel elements 10 longer
• more nuclear energy without additional
  radioactive waste
• Medical applications no activity
• NRF does not appear very important compared to
  PET

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Notch-detectors for nuclear resonance
fluorescence
g-ray beam dump
Narrow g beam
Isotope sample
isotope second scatterer
Hole burning, ultra-high resolution
NRF

• Tomography
• 235U/238U ratio

change in scattering rate
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Brilliances of g-rays and neutron beams
ILL reactor, Grenoble
1023 / (mm2 mrad2 s 0.1BW)
102 / (mm2 mrad2 s 0.1BW)
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2-step neutron production Neutron halo isomer,
dissociation of n-halo isomer
D. Habs et al., arXiv-1008.5324 nucl-ex (2010),
accepted by Appl. Phys. B DOI 10.1007/S00340-010-
4276-3
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Neutron halo wave function
Weakly bound neutron tunnels far out and lives
for ns.
wave function
potential
30
Neutron experiments
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New neutron beam Pulsed, brilliant

• Big advance in neutron scattering
• structure of biological samples,
  heterostructures, new functional materials
• only available as very small samples ? micro
  neutron beam
• H and light materials ? strong scattering ?
  functionality of biomaterials
• collective states, e.g. magnons, phonons
  relaxation, diffusion
• short pulses ? dynamics, time dependence
• Many new possibilities in
• biology
• hard condensed matter
• geoscience
• nuclear physics

32
Laser acceleration schemes Former schemes
Ion acceleration
TNSA (target-normal sheath acceleration)

• Low conversion efficiency
• Huge lasers are required

S.C. Wilks et al., Phys. Plasmas 8, 542 (2001).
33
New Acceleration Mechanism Radiation Pressure
Acceleration (RPA)
Optimum ion acceleration
Optimum electron acceleration
ions
electrons
for
for
Normalized areal electron density
dimensionless
Normalized vector potential
S.G. Rykovanov et al., New J. Phys. 10, 113005
(2008).
O. Klimo et al., Phys. Rev. ST AB 11, 031301
(2008).
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Radiation pressure acceleration (RPA)
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Fission-fusion reaction very neutron-rich nuclei
a) Fission H, C, O Th ? FL FH fission
fragments in target 232Th 232Th ?
fission of beam in FL FH Reaction of
radioactive short-lived light fission fragments
of beam Radioactive short-lived light fission
fragments of the target b) Fusion FL FL ?
AZ 18580 nuclei close to N126 waiting
point FL FH ? 232Th old nuclei FH FH
? unstable
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Chart of the Nuclides r-process and waiting
points
Fission-fusion with very dense beams Radioactive
targets radioactive beam

• Superheavies Z 110, T1/2 109 a ?
• recycling of fission fragments ?

37
Experimental setup neutron-rich nuclei in
fission-fusion
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Pair creation
Nonperturbative tunneling process For E ltlt ES
exponentially strong suppression
R. Schützhold et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 101,
130404 (2008) G.V. Dunne et al., Phys. Rev. D 80,
111301(R) (2009)
N.B. Narozhny, Zh. Eksp. Teo. Fiz. 54, 676 (1968).
39
Hard g pair production
N. Elkina H. Ruhl
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Phase contrast imaging Phase velocity of probe
laser in polarized vacuum
Optical intense probe laser, deflection angle
focusing
K. Homma, D. Habs, T. Tajima, arXiv1006.4533
quant-ph (2010)
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ELI-NP coupling-mass limit per shot
SHG 200J 15fs
Log g/M 1/GeV

QCD axion (Dark matter)
OPG 200J 15fs 200J 15fs(induce)
OPG 200J 1.5ns 200J 1.5ns(induce)
Gravitational Coupling(Dark Energy)
log m eV
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ELI-NP the way ahead Next steps

• Build a nano-structured target for a positron
  source at 2 MeV
• together with C. Hugenschmidt
• Build a nano-structured g-ray lens at 1 MeV
• together with M. Jentschel
• Build a flying GAMS crystal spectrometer
  monochromator
• together with M. Jentschel
• Test production of new medical radioisotope
  195mPt at 2 MeV
• together with U. Koester
• Test MHz g detectors electronics
• together with K. Sonnabend and D. Savran
• Flying start of ELI-NP g beam at MEGa-ray