Marching Toward War

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Marching Toward War

• Chapter 29, Section 1

Adapted from Ms. Susan M. Pojer and Mr. Gregory
Yankey
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Aggressive Nationalism
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Introduction

• Efforts to outlaw war and achieve a permanent
  peace had been gaining momentum in Europe since
  the middle of the 19th century.
• Some Europeans believed that progress had made
  war a thing of the past.
• Yet in little more than a decade, a massive war
  would spread across the globe.

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Rising Tensions in Europe

• Below the surface of peace and goodwill, Europe
  witnessed several gradual developments that would
  ultimately help propel the continent into war.

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The Rise of Nationalism

• Europe enjoys peace in late 1800s but problems
  lie below the surface
• Growing nationalism leads to competition among
  nations
• Nationalism in the Balkans leads many groups to
  demand independence

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The Balkan Wars 1912-1913
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The Balkans in 1914
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Imperialism and Militarism

• Imperialism, and the quest for colonies sometimes
  pushed European nations to the brink of war and
  intensified the sense of rivalry and mistrust.
• The nations of Europe took pride in having strong
  militaries and being prepared for war. This led
  to a dangerous arms race.
• Glorifying military power is called militarism.

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Tangled Alliances

• Growing rivalries and mutual mistrust had led to
  the creation of several military alliances among
  the Great Powers as early as the 1870s. This
  alliance system had been designed to keep peace
  in Europe. But it would instead help push the
  continent into war.

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Bismarck Forges Early Pacts

• Germanys Otto von Bismarck works to keep peace
  in Europe aft 1871
• Believes France wants revenge for loss in 1870
  Franco-Prussian War
• Seeks to isolate the French with a series of
  treaties and alliances
• Signs treaty with Russia in 1881
• Forms Triple Alliance in 1882
• Germany
• Austria-Hungary
• Italy

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Shifting Alliances Threaten Peace

• Kaiser Wilhelm II becomes German ruler
• Foreign policy changes begin in 1890 with
  dismissal of Bismarck
• Alliance with Russia dropped Russia then allies
  with France
• Efforts to strengthen German navy, which alarms
  Britain
• Britain, France, Russia form Triple Entente
  alliance in 1907

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Triple Alliance (1881)
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The Alliance System
Triple Entente
Triple Alliance
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Two Armed Camps!
Allied Powers
Central Powers
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The Major Players 1914-17
Allied Powers
Central Powers
Nicholas II Rus
Wilhelm II Ger
George V Br
Victor Emmanuel II It
Enver PashaTurkey
Franz Josef A-H
Pres. Poincare Fr
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Military AlliancesBefore World War I
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Crisis in the Balkans

• This mountainous peninsula in the southeastern
  corner of Europe was home to an assortment of
  ethnic groups. With a long history of nationalist
  uprisings and ethnic clashes, the Balkans was
  known as the powder keg of Europe.

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A Restless Region

• By the early 1900s the Ottoman Turks had declined
  and the peoples of the Balkans had formed new
  nations Bulgaria, Greece, Montenegro, Romania,
  and Serbia.
• Serbia had a large Slavic population and was
  supported by Russia.
• In 1908, Austria annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina.
  Serbian leaders were outraged and tensions
  between the two nations rose.

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A Shot Rings Throughout Europe

• On June 28, 1914 the heir to the throne of
  Austria, Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife
  Sophie, paid a visit to Sarajevo, the capital of
  Bosnia. Foolishly, they were riding in an open
  car.

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Historical Artifact

• The blood stained uniform of Archduke Franz
  Ferdinand

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Assassination and Ultimatum

• The couple was shot by 19-year-old Gavrilo
  Princip, a Serbian nationalist member of the
  terrorist organization Black Hand.

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Location of Assassination
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Historical Marker
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Ultimatum

• Austria delivers an ultimatum to Serbia with
  numerous demands on July 23, 1914. Serbia agreed
  to most of the demands trying to avoid war.

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The War Begins

• July 28, 1914 Austria rejects Serbias offer of
  most of the demands and declared war on Serbia.
• Russia, the protector of Serbia, mobilizes its
  forces toward the Austrian border.

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Whos To Blame?