Post World War I Nationalism

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Post World War INationalism

• AP World History

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Japan
China
Soviet Union

Post World War I Nationalism
Italy
Germany
India
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Important Events

• People

Diplomacy
Leader(s)
Economy
Military
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Italy
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Leader(s) Benito Mussolini

• Working class family background
• Early socialist, but switched
• Formed Fasci di Combattimento party (Fascists)
• Defended private property and class structure
  prevented a communist revolution
• Promised work benefits
• Blackshirts Mussolinis followers
• Appointed prime minister
• Ended democratic rule bans non-Fascist parties
  establishes a corporate state
• Wanted to recapture the greatness glory of the
  Roman Empire
• Called himself El Duce

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Important Events

• 1920 strikes in Lombardy and Piedmont
  (Mussolini supported)
• 1922 Fascists march on Rome Mussolini
  appointed Prime Minister
• 1924 Fascists win a majority of seats in
  parliament
• 1936 Rome-Berlin Axis is signed

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People

• Post WW I dissatisfied with Treaty of
  Versailles
• Veterans, workers, and peasants unhappy
• 1920 - Peasants seize land
• Middle and upper classes feared a communist
  revolution
• Many Italians opposed fascism, but most
  supported Mussolini

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Diplomacy

• Italy invades Ethiopia in 1935
• Mussolini wants to enhance Italys image as a
  world power
• League of Nations imposes sanctions, but they do
  not work
• 1936 Rome-Berlin Axis

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Economy

• Economic downturn after WW I
• Strikes, inflation, shortages of coal
• Mussolini solved unemployment problem

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Military

• WW I veterans could not find work
• Built up Italys armed forces
• Army invaded Ethiopia in 1935

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Germany
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Leader(s) Adolf Hitler

• Austrian born
• World War I veteran
• Member of the National Socialist Workers Party
• Led the Brownshirts
• 1923 - Staged the Beer Hall Putsch failed
• Wrote Mein Kampf
• Blamed Jews Communists for losing war
• Appealed to Germans sense of history
• Becomes Chancellor in 1933
• Attacks Jews
• Takes title of der Führer
• Restores Germanys military might
• Ignored Versailles Treaty
• Organizes Nazi youth movement

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Important Events

• 1919 Germans elect an assembly which
  establishes a democratic republic called the
  Weimar Republic
• 1923 Ruhr Valley occupied by French troops
  Beer Hall Putsch
• 1929 Great Depression in Germany
• 1933 Hitler becomes chancellor Reichstag fire
• 1934 Purge of the Brownshirts
• 1935 Nuremburg Laws enacted
• 1936 Hitler and Mussolini sign the Berlin-Rome
  Axis
• 1938 Kristallnacht
• 1938 - Austria is annexed One blood demands
  one Reich
• 1938 Hitler demands and receives the
  Sudetenland of Czechoslovakia (appeasement) at
  the Munich Conference

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People

• Blamed Weimar leaders for signing the Versailles
  Treaty
• Widespread opposition to Weimar Leaders
• Brownshirts private army of veterans and street
  thugs
• Hitler appealed to workers and industrialists
• Political parties banned by Nazis
• Labor unions taken over by Nazis
• Churches controlled and clergy silenced
• Jews stripped of citizenship and right to hold
  office barred from schools and destroyed business

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Diplomacy

• France - occupies the industrial Ruhr Valley
• U.S. provides loans to Germany helps free
  Germany of debt
• Adolf Hitler supports General Francisco Franco of
  the Spanish Nationalists in the Spanish Civil War
  (1936-39) he wanted Spanish iron ore and
  magnesium prevent spread of communism test new
  weapons and military tactics (blitzkrieg)

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Economy

• Allies set reparations at 35 billion
• 1922 Germany says it can not pay (industrial
  Ruhr Valley is occupied)
• Inflation soared
• Savings of Germans wiped out
• Mid-1920s France reaches compromise with
  Germany
• U.S provides loans Germany has 5-year period of
  prosperity
• Great Depression (begins in 1929) unemployment,
  etc.

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Military

• Treaty of Versailles limited the size of the
  Germany army
• Hitler sought to restore Germanys military might
• German factories begin turning out guns,
  ammunition, airplanes, tanks, etc.
• Government stresses importance of a strong
  military

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Japan
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Leader(s)

• Emperor Hirohito constitutional monarch
• Influential military leaders opposed to
  democratic reforms

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Important Events

• 1915 Japan forces China to sign the Twenty-One
  Demands (eventually abandoned)
• 1922- disarmament conference/ Japan becomes 3rd
  most powerful navy
• 1923 earthquake in Tokyo-Yokohama area
• 1924 U.S. bans Japanese immigration
• 1925 universal male suffrage
• 1931 invades Manchuria
• 1937 war with China begins
• 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor

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Diplomacy

• Twenty-One Demands makes China Japanese
  protectorate
• Disarmament conference in Washington benefits
  Japan
• Japanese army invades Manchuria
• War with China (after Marco Polo Bridge clash)
• Attack on Pearl Harbor, Singapore, and Dutch East
  Indies in 1941

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People

• 1872-1925 - population explosion from 35 million
  to 60 million
• 1930s militarism influences all aspects of
  Japanese life
• Many democratically minded Japanese hoped Emperor
  would stop militarism
• Working and middle class grows
• Military dress was appealing
• Universal male suffrage

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Economy

• Most of the Japanese economy was in hands of
  ziabatsu
• Challenges of population density
• World wide depression devastated silk factories
  and other industries
• Tokyo-Yokohama earthquake affects economy
• Land was scarce
• Very few resources (especially iron ore, coal,
  and oil)

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Military

• Army leaders decide to invade NE China (after
  Mukden Incident)
• Government could not control army
• 1932 assassinates a prime minister of Japan

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India
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Leader(s)

• Jawaharlal Nehru - led the Hindus
• Mohammed Ali Jinnah - led the Muslims
• Mohandas (Mahatma) Gandhi - middle class
  background pacifist who believed in civil
  disobedience
• Indian National Congress Muslim League
  nationalist organizations that lead India to
  independence

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Important Events

• 1914 Gandhi leaves South Africa for India
• 1919 Britain imposes harsh laws on India to
  stifle opposition
• 1919 - Amritsar massacre
• 1922 - British arrest Gandhi
• 1930 - 200 mile march to the sea by Gandhi to
  protest the salt tax
• 1935 - British parliament passes the Government
  of India Act limited self rule for India

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Diplomacy

• India had no control over diplomacy until they
  achieved independence in 1948

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People

• Were urged to reject Western civilization (used
  brute force, worship of money, prejudice) by
  Gandhi
• Called Gandhi Mahatma or great soul
• Boycotted British goods
• Shocked by brutal massacre at Amritsar
• Hindu-Muslim tension and conflict intensifies as
  India moves toward independence
• Nationalists supported Britain in WW I, but
  eventually want complete independence for India
• Some Indians want to remain in the British
  empire, but desire home-rule

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Economy

• Wheat from India fed Allied soldiers in WW I
• Indian cotton clothed Allied troops
• 1935 agricultural put under provincial
  governments control

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Military

• Indian soldiers fought for the British in World
  War I (Middle East Africa)

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China
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Leader(s)

• Sun Yat-sen declares China a republic in 1912
• Yuan Shigai ousts Sun Yat-sen in 1914 and
  establishes a dictatorship
• Chiag Kai-shek officer in the Kuomintang Army
  that defeats the warlords in 1928 and establishes
  a government in Nanjing
• Mao Zedong leader who leads the 100,000
  communist troops on the Long March

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Important Events

• 1912 Chinese republic declared
• 1914 Sun Yat-sen ousted
• 1923 Chiang kai-shek grows in power
• 1925 Sun Yat-sen dies
• 1927 communists fail to take over Kuomintang
  Chiang purges them
• 1931 Japan invades Manchuria
• 1934-35 Long March (100,000 communists troops
  to 8,000)

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Diplomacy

• Versailles Treaty granted Shandong Peninsula to
  Japan was humiliating and surprising to China
• Japan invades in 1931 and controls most of
  eastern China by 1939

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People

• Shocked by Versailles Treaty
• Peasants supported communists because they
  overthrew local landlords and redistributed their
  land to peasants

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Economy

• Agriculturally based economy with millions of
  peasants

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Military

• Warlords (military leaders) divided China amongst
  themselves in 1916 civil war followed
• Kuomintang Army battled Red Army in 1930s for
  control of China
• Long March retreat of communists
• Chiang Kai-sheks Nationalists forces and the
  Communist forces suspended their conflict with
  each other in order to concentrate on fighting
  the Japanese

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Soviet Union
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Leader(s)

• Vladimir Ulyanov (Lenin) Bolshevik leader
  suffered a stroke in 1922
• Leon Trotsky most important person in the
  communist party after Lenin built the Red Army
  into an effective fighting force believed in a
  world wide revolution exiled to Siberia (and
  then expelled) by Stalin assassinated in Mexico
  City
• Joseph Stalin skilled administrator rose to
  general secretary of the Communist party
  outmaneuvered Trotsky after Lenins death
  believed in Soviet Union first in terms of
  revolution had Trotsky murdered

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Important Events

• 1919 Comintern established
• 1921 Lenin announces New Economic Policy (NEP)
• 1922 Official name changes to Union of Soviet
  Socialist Republics (USSR), new constitution
  written, and Lenin suffers two strokes
• 1924 Lenin dies
• 1928 Stalin declares end to NEP, announces Five
  Year Plans and collectivization
• 1930s series of purges by Stalin
• Stalin seizes Ukraines grain results in death of
  millions
• 1934 Socialist realism art instituted
• 1943 Comintern dissolved

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Diplomacy

• Comintern established to encourage Communist
  parties in other countries to overthrow their
  governments by legal or illegal means

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People

• 27 million died in WW I, revolution, and civil
  war
• Leadership of the communist party controlled the
  workers (was supposed to be the other way around)
• Private businesses, small manufacturers and
  farmers allowed to operate under NEP
• Peasant majority (farmers) were fiercely
  anticommunist had prospered under NEP
• Kulaks (prosperous peasants) opposed
  collectivization
• Millions of communist party members were expelled
  and sent to labor camps (purges)
• Non-Russian nationalities suffered Russians
  dominated Soviet Union
• Thousands of peasants were killed when opposing
  collectivization millions in the Ukraine starved

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Economy

• NEP major industries under government control
  small businesses allowed to operate
• Five Year Plans success in spurring industrial
  growth
• Collectivization produced terrible results
  opposition and starvation Soviet union unable to
  feed its population

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Military

• Military leadership suffered as a result of
  purges would take them years to recover