Prelude to Global War

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Prelude to Global War

• Angela Brown
• Chapter 14 Section 1

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Fascism and Nazism

• In Germany, Italy, and the Soviet Union
  totalitarian government controlled every aspect
  of life.
• Used terror to suppress individual rights and to
  silence all forms of opposition
• Hitler and Mussolini based their government on
  fascism places the importance of the nation
  above the value of the individual
• They focused on need to rebuild Germany and Italy.

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• Communism all society jointly owns nations
  means of production (workers owners no
  conflict)
• Fascism allows private business (conflicts
  resolved by government power)
• Both Individual rights and freedoms are lost as
  everyone works for the benefit of society and the
  nation.

5
Mussolini Controls Italy

• Benito Mussolini joined with other dissatisfied
  war veterans to organize the revolutionary
  Fascist party in 1919.
• Il Duce ( the leader) relied on gangs of
  fascist thugs Blackshirts to terrorize and
  control opposition
• 1922 Mussolini threatened to March on Rome, the
  King panicked and appointed him Prime Minister.

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Victims
http//www.londonclasswar.org/antifa2.htm
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http//www.coranix.com/killers/mussolini.jpg
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• Mussolini suspended elections, outlawed all other
  political parties and established a dictatorship.
• 1935 invaded Ethiopia by March 1936 had control.

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Hitler Rules Germany

• Austrian painter, wounded in WWI, enraged by
  terms of peace settlement.
• 1919 joined National Socialist German Workers
  party, or Nazi Party.
• November 1923 attempted to overthrow government
  with 3000 followers caught and sentenced to
  five years confined 9 months.

10
Mein Kampf

• In prison wrote Mein Kampf (My struggle)
• Outlined Nazi philosophy, views of Germanys
  problems, plans for nation.
• Germany had been weakened by certain groups
  blamed Jewish population for Germanys defeat in
  WWI
• Called for the expansion and purification of the
  Aryan race.

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• Promised to stabilize economy and restore lost
  empire.
• Jan 1933 Nazi party largest group in the
  Reichstag (the German parliament) Hitler head
  of German State
• Silenced opposition, suspended civil liberties,
  took dictorial powers took the title Der
  Fuhrer, or the leader

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Nazi Party
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Europe Goes to War

• March 1936 German troops moved into Rhineland,
  border of France and Belgium.
• Clearly violating the Versailles Treaty.
• Germany was not ready to fight.
• Later admitted he would have withdrawn if either
  nation had resisted him.
• 1936 signed alliance with Mussolini created an
  axis between Rome and Berlin
• Later joined by Japan to become the axis powers.

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Axis Powers
http//content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en/thum
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The German Empire Grows

• Encouraged by success in the Rhineland March
  1938 Hitler invaded and annexed Austria
• Britain and France protested Germany Defiant
• Hitler then demanded the Sudentenland of
  Czechoslovakia.
• Representatives from England, France, Germany and
  Italy met in Munich in 1938 .

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• Followed a policy of appeasement or giving in to
  someones demands to keep the peace.
• Neither were ready to fight remembered costs of
  WWI
• Agreed to give Germany Sudentenland chose
  dishonor over war said Winston Churchill member
  of Parliament
• 1939 Hitler annexed the rest of Czechoslovakia.

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Winston Churchill
http//www.solarnavigator.net/history/winston_chur
chill.htm
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• Britain and France again warned against expansion
  pledged support to Poland if invaded
• Hitler unconcerned signed treaty with Soviet
  Union so he would face no threat from the East
• Sept 1939 invaded Poland.
• Two days later Britain and France declared war on
  Germany.

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Blitzkrieg and Sitzkrieg

• Blitzkrieg or lightning war rapid strikes
  before enemy had time to react
• Overran Poland in less than a month
• Stalin seized eastern Poland for the Soviet Union
• Lull Sitzkrieg or sit-down war

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• Germany watched French forces build a system of
  defenses along German border called the phony
  war by U.S. press.
• April 9, 1940 Hitler attacked Denmark and Norway.
• May 10 1940 launched blitzkrieg on Belgium, the
  Netherlands, and France all three quickly
  overwhelmed.

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• 900 small private crafts braved attacks by
  Luftwaffe (German air force) to carry 340,000
  soldiers across English Channel to Great Britain.
• June 14 German troops entered Paris France
  surrendered.
• Great Britain now stood alone.

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Luftwaffe
http//www.axishistory.com/fileadmin/user_upload/l
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The Battle of Britain

• Hitler massed troops on French Coast 20 miles
  away across English Channel.
• Launched greatest air assault the world had yet
  seen.
• 1,000 planes a day rained bombs on Britain.

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http//library.thinkquest.org/17573/maps/map.htm
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London Damage
http//www.aeronautics.ru/archive/wwii/photos/gall
ery_006/V220damage20London20.jpg
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• Royal Air Force (RAF) greatly outnumbered RAF
  pilots often flew six and seven missions a day.
• End of 1941 20,000 killed and 73,000 injured in
  London

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Royal Air Force (RAF)
http//www.holum.net/gen/squadron26.htm
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Japan Builds an Empire

• Japanese needed raw materials, markets, and land
  desire to establish empire
• Great Depression added to woes more military
  power.
• 1931 seized Manchuria.
• 1937 aggression toward China.

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.jpg
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• By 1940 Japanese controlled most of eastern
  China.
• Set sights on Southeast Asia and the Dutch East
  Indies.
• Joined Axis powers Tripartheid Pact 1940
• Signed Neutrality Pact with Soviet Union.
• Ready to challenge Europeans and Americans for
  supremacy in Asia.

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Jesse Owens

• 1936 Olympic Games in Munich Owens won 4 gold
  medals in track and field events.
• He was African American.
• Hitler was furious.
• He expected a showcase of German athletes
  superiority due to non-Aryan inferiority.

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Jesse Owens
http//www.historyplace.com/worldwar2/triumph/owen
s-medal.jpg
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1936 Olympics in Berlin
http//www.historyplace.com/worldwar2/triumph/owen
s-sprint.jpg
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The American Response

• 1938 FDR began naval build up in the Pacific.
• 1939 moved American Pacific fleet from San Diego,
  Cal. to Pearl Harbor, Hawaii.

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American Remains Neutral

• Disillusioned by WWI fought to make the world
  safe for democracy now questioned if actions
  made any difference
• Nation had enough problems at home.
• U.S. economy trapped in Great Depression.

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U.S. Policies

• Supported policy of Isolationism U.S. interests
  better served by staying out of other nations
  quarrels
• Congress passed Neutrality Acts declared that
  U.S. would withhold weapons and loans from all
  nations at war

• Cash and Carry policy nonmilitary goods sold
  to nations at war be paid for in cash and
  transported by purchaser
• Neutrality Act of 1939 allowed GB and France to
  purchase weapons on a cash and carry basis
  later amended to allow U.S. Merchant Ships to
  transfer to GB no loans or purchases on credit.

39
American Involvement Grows

• German aggression scared Americans.
• Allowed FDR to trade 50 old destroyers to GB in
  return for permission to build bases on British
  territory in Western Hemisphere.
• Congress authorized first peace time draft.
• Selective Service Act required all males 21-36
  to register for military service limited number
  selected to serve a year in army.

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• November 1940 FDR won re-election to 3rd term.
• 1941 proposed provide war supplies to GB without
  any payment in return.
• Lend-Lease Act, March 1941, authorized President
  to aid any nation whose defense is believed to be
  vital to American security.
• U.S. became the great arsenal of democracy

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Japan Attacks Pearl Harbor
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• Japanese demanded control and occupied French
  colonies in Indochina mid 1941.
• FDR froze Japanese financial assets in U.S. and
  cut off all trade with Japan.
• Oct. 1941, Gen. Hideki Tojo became Prime Minister
  of Japan and supported war with U.S.

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• FDR proposed resume trade if Japan halt troop
  movement still hoped for peace.
• November 25, U.S. government learned Japanese
  fleet moving toward Southeast Asia.
• U.S. demanded Japan withdraw from all conquered
  territory and Tripartite Pact.
• A second fleet of 6 aircraft carriers and more
  than 20 other ships were underway.

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• Japan had decided must destroy U.S. fleet in
  Hawaii if goals were to be met in Asia.
• Dec. 7, 1941, 180 Japanese warplanes overhead.
• Most of Pacific fleet lay anchored at Pearl
  Harbor in an area less than (3) square miles.
• Less than 2 hours 2400 Americans killed 1200
  wounded.

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• 300 U.S. warplanes sunk or damaged. (8 of 9
  battleships)
• Japan lost 29 planes.
• Stunned Americans
• FDR stated this is a date which will live in
  infamy, next day ask Congress to declare War on
  Japan.

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FDR
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• Three days later Germany and Italy declared war
  on U.S.
• Japanese missed three aircraft carriers and the
  fleets heavy cruisers - their main goal.
• Two at sea and One in CA for repairs.