The Civil War

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TheCivil War(1861-1865)ThroughMaps,
Charts,Graphs Pictures
AP US HISTORY UNIT 6
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North vs. South in 1861
North South
Advantages ? ?
Disadvantages ? ?
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Civil War

• South early advantage North long-term advantage
• South had some military equipment       -Calhoun
  moved military outposts to South.

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Rating the North the South
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Slave/Free States Population, 1861
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Railroad Lines, 1860
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Resources North the South
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The Union Confederacy in 1861
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Men Present for Duty in the Civil War
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Ohio Military Service
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Soldiers Occupations North/South Combined
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Immigrantsas a of a StatesPopulationin1860
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US Congress without the South

• More efficient-Passed national development
  plans      
• Homestead Act (1862)
• Morrill Act (1862)          -created public
  trust lands         - school land - land grant
  colleges       Intercontinental railroad
  finished

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Congress (cont.)

• -Financial development       National Bank Act
  (1863)          Created new central
  bank          Made up of state banks holding
  federal deposits
•        Income tax (1861)      

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The Leaders of the Confederacy
Pres. Jefferson Davis
VP Alexander Stevens
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Government of the Confederacy

•  South divided over question of secession      
  Rich ?, others not as enthusiastic
• Confederacy was a weak national
  government Favored states' rights      Some
  states failed to collect taxes
• or enforce draft

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The Confederate White House
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The Confederate Seal
MOTTO ? With God As Our Vindicator
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A Northern View of Jeff Davis
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Overviewofthe NorthsCivil WarStrategy Anaco
ndaPlan
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The Anaconda Plan
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Lincolns Generals
Winfield Scott
Joseph Hooker
Ulysses S. Grant
Irwin McDowell
George McClellan
George Meade
Ambrose Burnside
George McClellan,Again!
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McClellan I Can Do It All!
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The Confederate Generals
Stonewall Jackson
Nathan Bedford Forrest
George Pickett
Jeb Stuart
James Longstreet
Robert E. Lee
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Battle of Bull Run (1st Manassas)July, 1861
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The Battle of the Ironclads,March, 1862
The Monitor vs.the Merrimac
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Damage on the Deck of the Monitor
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A FEW GOOD MEN.

• Draft instituted March 1863    First time the
  U.S. had used a draft   
• Draft riots by Irish (Lincoln wanted 2
  mil. man army)
• Copperheads No. Democrats who
• denounced war

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Buy Your Way Out of Military Service
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War in the East 1861-1862
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Battle of Antietam Bloodiest Single Day of the
War
September 17, 1862
23,000 casualties
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1862 - Lincoln suspended Writ of Habeas Corpus

• Allowed army to arrest civilians who interfered
  with war.
• Maryland.NO GO

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Steps Towards Emancipation

• 1861 - Confiscation Act
• Allowed Union army to seize plantations
• Nullifies owners' claims to fugitive slaves who
  had been employed in the Confederate war
• 1862 Gen. John C. Fremont's Emancipation
  Proclamation
• Slaves in areas controlled by Union army would be
  free (Lincoln orders Freemont to back-off)

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Emancipation in 1863
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TheEmancipationProclamation
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Jan 1, 1863 - Lincoln's Emancipation
Proclamation       Freed slaves in the 11
Confederate states

• 13th Amendment (1865)    Made slavery illegal
• 14th Amendment (1868)    Citizens full rights
  for all    Barred Confederates from federal
  government    Absolved the U.S. from the
  Confederacy's debts
• 15th Amendment (1870)
• Former slaves had full voting rights Slavery
  not immediately abolished at state level

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African-American Recruiting Poster
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The Famous 54th Massachusetts
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August Saint-Gaudens Memorial to Col. Robert
Gould Shaw
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African-Americansin Civil War Battles
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Black Troops Freeing Slaves
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Extensive Legislation PassedWithout the South in
Congress

• 1861 Morrill Tariff Act
• 1862 Homestead Act
• 1862 Legal Tender Act
• 1862 Morrill Land Grant Act
• 1862 Emancipation Proclamation
  (1/1/1863)
• 1863 Pacific Railway Act
• 1863 National Bank Act

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The War in the West, 1863 Vicksburg
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The Road to Gettysburg 1863
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Gettysburg Casualties
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The North Initiates the Draft, 1863
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Women's movements

•     U.S. Sanitary Commission (Dorothea Dix)
• Organized women as nurses for Union army
• Joined by Clara Barton Susan B. Anthony
• Clara Barton - Red Cross
• Susan B. Anthony - women's suffrage

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Recruiting Irish Immigrants in NYC
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Recruiting Blacks in NYC
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NYC Draft Riots, (July 13-16, 1863)
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NYC Draft Riots, (July 13-16, 1863)
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A Pogrom Against Blacks
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Inflation in the South
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The Progress of War 1861-1865
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ShermansMarchto theSeathroughGeorgia,1864
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1864 Election
Pres. Lincoln (R)
George McClellan (D)
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The Peace Movement Copperheads
Clement Vallandigham
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1864 Copperhead Campaign Poster
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Cartoon Lampoons Democratic Copperheads in 1864
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Presidential Election Results 1864
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Election of 1864

•     Lincoln
• (Union Party pro war people from various
  parties)
• v.
• George McClellan
• (Northern Dem.) 
•   
• McClellan (pro-peace)
• Shermans capture of Atlanta (10/64) makes it
  clear North would win war
• Lincoln Wins

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The Final Virginia Campaign1864-1865
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Surrender at AppomattoxApril 9, 1865
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Casualties on Both Sides
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Civil War Casualtiesin Comparison to Other Wars
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Fords Theater (April 14, 1865)
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The Assassin
John Wilkes Booth
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The Assassination
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WANTED!!
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Now He Belongs to the Ages!
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The Execution
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The Atrocities of the Civil War
AP US History Unit 6
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The Massacre at Fort Pillow, TN(April 12, 1864)
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Nathan Bedford Forrest(Captured Fort Pillow)

• 262 African-Americans
• 295 white Unionsoldiers.
• Ordered black soldiers murdered after
  theysurrendered! many white soldiers killed
  aswell
• Became the first GrandWizard of the Ku KluxKlan
  after the war.

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Confederate Prison Campat Point Lookout, MD

• Planned to hold 10,000 men.
• Had almost 50,000 at one time.

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Point Lookout Memorialof 4,000 Dead Rebel
Prisoners
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Union Prison Campat Andersonville, GA
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Original Andersonville Plan

• Planned to hold 10,000 men.
• Had over 32,000 at one time.

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Distributing Rations
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Union Survivors
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Union Prisoners RecordatAndersonville
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Burying Dead Union POWs
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Andersonville Cemetary
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Reconstruction (1865-1876)
AP US HISTORY UNIT 6
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Key Questions
How do webring the Southback into the Union?
What branchof governmentshould controlthe
process ofReconstruction?
How do we rebuild the South after
itsdestruction during the war?
How do weintegrate andprotect
newly-emancipatedblack freedmen?
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Wartime Reconstruction
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President Lincolns Plan

• 10 Plan
• Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction
  (December 8, 1863)
• Replace majority rule with loyal rule in the
  South.
• He didnt consult Congress regarding
  Reconstruction.
• Pardon to all but the highest ranking military
  and civilian Confederate officers.
• When 10 of the voting population in the 1860
  election had taken an oath of loyalty and
  established a government, it would be recognized.

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President Lincolns Plan

• 1864 ? Lincoln Governments formed in LA, TN, AR
• loyal assemblies
• They were weak and dependent on the Northern
  army for their survival.

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Wade-Davis Bill (1864)

• Required 50 of the number of 1860 voters to take
  an iron clad oath of allegiance (swearing they
  had never voluntarily aided the rebellion ).
• Required a state constitutional convention before
  the election of state officials.
• Enacted specific safeguards of freedmens
  liberties.

SenatorBenjaminWade(R-OH)
CongressmanHenryW. Davis(R-MD)
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Wade-Davis Bill (1864)

• Iron-Clad Oath.
• State Suicide Theory MA Senator Charles
  Sumner
• Conquered Provinces PositionPA Congressman
  Thaddeus Stevens

PocketVeto
PresidentLincoln
Wade-DavisBill
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Jeff Davis Under Arrest
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13th Amendment

• Ratified in December, 1865.
• Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except
  as punishment for crime whereof the party shall
  have been duly convicted, shall exist within the
  United States or any place subject to their
  jurisdiction.
• Congress shall have power to enforce this article
  by appropriate legislation.

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Freedmens Bureau (1865)

• Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned
  Lands.
• Many former northern abolitionists risked their
  lives to help southern freedmen.
• Called carpetbaggers by white southern
  Democrats.

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Freedmens Bureau Seen Through Southern Eyes
Plenty to eat and nothing to do.
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Freedmens Bureau School
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Presidential Reconstruction
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President Andrew Johnson

• Jacksonian Democrat.
• Anti-Aristocrat.
• White Supremacist.
• Agreed with Lincolnthat states had neverlegally
  left the Union.

Damn the negroes! I am fighting these traitorous
aristocrats, their masters!
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President Johnsons Plan (10)

• Offered amnesty upon simple oath to all except
  Confederate civil and military officers and
  those with property over 20,000 (they could
  apply directly to Johnson)
• In new constitutions, they must accept
  minimumconditions repudiating slavery, secession
  and state debts.
• Named provisional governors in Confederate states
  and called them to oversee elections for
  constitutional conventions.

1. Disenfranchised certain leading Confederates.
2. Pardoned planter aristocrats brought them back
to political power to control state
organizations.
EFFECTS?
3. Republicans were outraged that planter elite
were back in power in the South!
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Growing Northern Alarm!

• Many Southern state constitutions fell short of
  minimum requirements.

• Johnson granted 13,500 special pardons.

• Revival of southern defiance.

BLACK CODES
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Slavery is Dead?
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Black Codes

• Purpose
• Guarantee stable labor supply now that blacks
  were emancipated.
• Restore pre-emancipationsystem of race
  relations.
• Forced many blacks to become sharecroppers
  tenant farmers.

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Congress Breaks with the President

• Congress bars SouthernCongressional delegates.
• Joint Committee on Reconstruction created.
• February, 1866 ? Presidentvetoed the
  FreedmensBureau bill.
• March, 1866 ? Johnsonvetoed the 1866 Civil
  Rights Act.
• Congress passed both bills over Johnsons vetoes
  ? 1st in U. S. history!!

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Johnson the Martyr / Samson
If my blood is to be shed because I vindicate the
Union and the preservation of this government in
its original purity and character, let it be
shed let an altar to the Union be erected, and
then, if it is necessary, take me and lay me upon
it, and the blood that now warms and animates my
existence shall be poured out as a fit libation
to the Union.
(February 1866)
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Radical (Congressional) Reconstruction
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14th Amendment

• Ratified in July, 1868.
• Provide a constitutional guarantee of the rights
  and security of freed people.
• Insure against neo-Confederate political power.
• Enshrine the national debt while repudiating that
  of the Confederacy.
• Southern states would be punished for denying the
  right to vote to black citizens!

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The Balance of Power in Congress
State White Citizens Freedmen
SC 291,000 411,000
MS 353,000 436,000
LA 357,000 350,000
GA 591,000 465,000
AL 596,000 437,000
VA 719,000 533,000
NC 631,000 331,000
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The 1866 Bi-Election

• A referendum on Radical Reconstruction.
• Johnson made an ill-conceived propaganda tour
  around the country to push his plan.
• Republicanswon a 3-1majority in both houses
  and gained control of every northern state.

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Radical Plan for Readmission

• Civil authorities in the territories were subject
  to military supervision.
• Required new state constitutions, includingblack
  suffrage and ratification of the 13th and 14th
  Amendments.
• In March, 1867, Congress passed an act that
  authorized the military to enroll eligible black
  voters and begin the process of constitution
  making.

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Reconstruction Acts of 1867

• Military Reconstruction Act
• Restart Reconstruction in the 10 Southern states
  that refused to ratify the 14th Amendment.
• Divide the 10 unreconstructed states into 5
  military districts.

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Reconstruction Acts of 1867

• Command of the Army Act
• The President must issue all Reconstruction
  orders through the commander of the military.
• Tenure of Office Act
• The President could not remove any officials
  esp. Cabinet members without the Senates
  consent, if the position originally required
  Senate approval.
• Designed to protect radicalmembers of Lincolns
  government.
• A question of the constitutionality of this law.

Edwin Stanton
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President Johnsons Impeachment

• Johnson removed Stanton in February, 1868.
• Johnson replaced generals in the field who were
  more sympathetic to Radical Reconstruction.
• The House impeached him on February 24
  before even
  
  drawing up the
  charges by a
  vote of 126 47!

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The Senate Trial

• 11 week trial.
• Johnson acquitted 35 to 19 (one short of
  required 2/3s vote).