World War I and the Russian Revolution

1
World War I and the Russian Revolution

• Causes

2
MANIAM

• Long Term
• M ilitarism
• A lliances
• N ationalism
• I mperialism
• Short term
• A ssassination
• M obilzation

3
Militarism

• The aggressive preparation for war
• The Industrial Revolution allowed for mass
  production of weapons and resources

4
Alliances

• Triple Alliance
• Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy
• Central Powers
• Germany, Austria-Hungarian, Bulgaria, Ottoman
  Empire

• Triple Entente
• Great Britain
• France
• Russia
• Allied Powers
• Great Britain, France, Italy, the U.S., Russia

5
Nationalism

• The right of people to have their own nations
• Example-
• Serbia wanted independence from Austria-Hungary
• Created tension throughout Europe

6
Imperialism

• Competition between countries
• German attempt to become a world power by
  spreading throughout Europe

7
Assassination28 June 1914

• Archduke Francis Ferdinand
• Next in line for the Austria-Hungarian throne
• Murdered in Sarajevo by Gavrilo Princip
• A member of a radical Serbian nationalist group
  known as the Black Hand conspired to murder
  Ferdinand
• Sparks the fuse of World War

8
July 1914

• 5 July 1914-Germany gives Austria-Hungary a blank
  check, meaning Germany will support
  Austria-Hungary against a Russian supported
  Serbia
• 28 July 1914-Austria-Hungary declares war on
  Serbia
• 30 July 1914-Full mobilization of Russian army

9
Mobilization

• Bringing together resources (troops/supplies)
  before a war
• Considered an act of war

10
August 1914

• 1 August 1914-Germany declares war on Russia
• 3 August 1914-Germany declares war on France
• 4 August 1914-Great Britain declares war on
  Germany for invading and violating Belgiums
  neutrality
• 6 August 1914-Austria-Hungary Declares War on
  Russia
• 12 August 1914-Great Britain and France declare
  war on Austria-Hungary

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Schlieffen Plan

• Germanys plan to avoid a two front war
• Attack/defeat France first before turning east to
  Russia

12
Erich von Ludendorff

• German general who guided military operations
• Developed German war strategy until the last
  German offensive
• Germany invades Belgium and marches toward France

13
First Battle of the MarneSept 5-12, 1914

• River Marne in east central France
• Allied forces stopped the German advance toward
  Paris
• Germany retreated and dug trenches to hold ground
• Beginning of trench warfare

14
Western Front

• Characterized by trench warfare
• Read pg 504-505, Focus on Everyday Life Trench
  Warfare
• Created a four year stalemate
• War of attrition-wearing the other side down with
  constant attacks
• no mans land-area between the two trenches

15
World War I Tactics/Weapons

• Airplanes
• Bombings
• Air to Air Combat
• Poison Gas
• Submarines
• Zeppelins

• Tanks
• Gas Masks
• Steel Helmets
• softening up the enemy with artillery
• Charging enemy trenches

16
German Navy

• Expanded by Admiral Tirpitz
• Begins unrestricted submarine warfare

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LusitaniaMay 7, 1915

• Read page 510-511
• British ship sunk by German submarines
• 1195 killed (128 US lives)
• Created American anger toward Germany and caused
  opposition to US neutrality
• Germany agreed to suspend unrestricted submarine
  warfare to prevent US intervention in the War

18
Verdun, France1916

• 10 month battle
• 700,000 killed
• Allies only gained a few miles of land
• Forced the British to take the brunt of the Somme
  offensive

19
Battle of the SommeJuly-Nov. 1916

• Northern France
• British v. German forces
• British charged the German trenches
• 600,000 Allied losses

20
Battle of Jutland

• 31 May 1916
• Only naval battle of the war
• Britain defeated the German Navy and maintained
  control of North Sea
• German fleet remained docked until the end of the
  war

21
Eastern Front

• Characterized by mobility

22
Battle of TannenbergAugust 30, 1914

• Early battle of the war in which Germany defeated
  the Russians
• German forces led by General Hindenburg

23
Italy

• Betrayed German and Austria by attacking Austria
  in 1915 and later joined the Allied powers
• Declared war on Germany in 1916

24
War Expands Outside Europe

• Ottoman Empire and the Middle East
• British Forces would dominate Ottoman forces and
  push them out of the Middle East
• Seize German colonies

25
US enters the War-1917

• Reasons
• Sinking of the Lusitanian led some Americans to
  call for an end to isolationism
• Germany resumes unrestricted submarine warfare
  (1917)
• US uncovers a German plot to convince Mexico to
  attack the US (Zimmerman Telegram-1917)
• July 1917-First US troops land in Europe

26
Home Front

• Total War-war involving a complete mobilization
  of resources and people
• Entire economies and manufacturing industries
  focus on the war
• Increased government powers
• War demanded quick decisions and changes
• Many European countries suspended capitalist
  systems for planned economies (directed by
  government agencies)

27
Propaganda

• The spread of ideas to influence public opinion
  for or against a cause boost morale
• Positive public opinion was essential to war time
  success
• Authoritative governments used force to influence
• Democratic countries used propaganda

28

• Slogans
• Brief, striking phrase, may include labeling or
  stereotyping.
• Often an emotional appeal

29

• Testimonial
• Quotations, usually cited to support or reject a
  given policy, action, program or personality
• Person quoted is usually used to gain respect for
  issue.

30

• Fear
• Seek to build support by instilling anxiety and
  panic in the general population

31

• Name Calling
• Attempts to arouse prejudices by labeling the
  subject as something the audience dislikes/fears.
• Often uses negative stereotypes

32

• Band Wagon
• Inevitable Victory invites those not on the
  bandwagon to join those on the road to victory.
  Also reassures those already on bandwagon
• Join the Crowd reinforces peoples natural
  desire to be on the winning side. Makes people
  believe that it is in their best interest to join.

33

• Plain Folks
• Attempts to convey message that reflects the
  common sense of the people.
• Uses ordinary language to identify their point of
  view with that of average people.

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• Testimonial

35

• Band Wagon

36

• Slogan

37

• Fear

38

• Band Wagon

39

• Plain Folks

40

• Slogan
• Band Wagon

41

• Slogan

42

• Fear

43

• Plain Folks

44

• Name Calling

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• Band Wagon

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• Testimonial

47

• Slogan

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• Fear

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• Name Calling

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• Plain Folks

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• Fear

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Russian Revolution

• Causes
• Poor leadership
• Military defeats in WWI
• Peasant suffering
• Influence of V.I. Lennon

53
Russia during the War

• Russia was unprepared to fight a war
• No competent military leaders
• Weak armament industry
• Poorly armed military
• Between 1914 and 1916
• 2 million killed
• 4-6 million wounded

54
Czar Nicholas II

• Relied on military to maintain control
• Wife Alexandra made decisions while Nicholas was
  at the front
• She was heavily influenced by a Siberian peasant
  named Grigori Rasputin

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Decline of the Czars Regime

• Series of military and economic disasters
• Conservative aristocrats attempt to save Czars
  regime
• Assassinated Rasputin in Dec. 1916 to regain
  control, but it was to late

56
March Revolution

• Began in city of Petrograd
• Poor military leadership
• Food shortage
• Peasant suffering
• Women workers march in protest then organized a
  general strike
• Would eventually lead to the abdication of
  Nicholas II-The last Czar of Russia

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Duma

• Russian legislative body in 1917
• Nicholas II had unsuccessful attempted to
  dissolve the Duma before March Rev.
• Met March 12th and set up a provisional
  government in Russia
• Demanded the Czar step down
• Nicholas abdicated March 15th ending the Romanov
  Dynasty

58
Government after Czar

• Set up a provisional government led by Alexander
  Kerensky
• Decided to continue fighting the war which was a
  fatal mistake and led to the Bolshevik take over

59
Challenge to the Provisional Government

• Soviet-councils composed of representatives from
  the workers and soldiers
• Represented the radical interests of the lower
  class
• Soviet of Petrograd formed March 1917
• Leon Trotsky was head of the Petrograd soviet

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Bolsheviks

• Soviets made up of different parties
• The Russian Social Democrats (Bolsheviks) were a
  faction of the Marxist Party
• Led by V.I. Lenin

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V.I. Lenin

• Lenin was imprisoned in Germany for his socialist
  beliefs
• Germany returned Lenin to Russia in an attempt to
  bring about a civil war
• Led the Bolshevik party
• Lenin and the Bolsheviks were dedicated to
  violent revolution to destroy capitalism

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Rise of Lenin

• Bolsheviks gain support
• Recognized importance of controlling soviets
• Peace, Land, And Bread
• Promised an end to the war
• Land redistribution to peasants
• Worker Control of Production
• Transfer control of industries to the workers
• All Power to the Soviets
• Transfer government power to the soviet

63
November Revolution

• Communists takeover of Russia
• Seize the Winter Palace (seat of the provisional
  government)
• Bolsheviks rename themselves Communists after
  they seize power
• Lenin turned over power to the all-Russian
  Congress of Soviets
• Actual power held by the Council of the Peoples
  Commissars led by Lenin

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Treaty of Brest-LitovskMarch 3, 1918

• Lenin signs a peace agreement with Germany
• Lost Russian territory in agreement
• Russia withdraws from the war ending the fighting
  on the Eastern Front
• Germany can now turn its focus to the Western
  Front

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Russian Civil War

• Not all people supported the Communists
• Some loyal to the Czar
• Liberals and anti-Lenin Socialists (non-radicals)
• Allied Powers
• Led to conflict
• Whites-Anti-communist groups in the Russian Civil
  War
• Reds-Communist supporters in the Russian Civil War

66
Communist Red Army

• Led by Commissar Trotsky
• Forced to fight several anti-Communist factions
• Siberian Anti-Communists
• Allied material aid to anti-Communists
• The Ukrainians
• Eventually defeat all White forces

67
Communists Triumph

• Red Army well trained under the leadership of
  Trotsky
• White forces disorganized
• Communists unified by a common goal-rise of a new
  socialist order
• Form of planned economy known as War Communism
• Temporary suspension of Communist practices
• Government control of industry and banking

68
Communists Triumph (cont.)

• Revolutionary Terror
• Red Secret Police
• Also known as the Cheka
• Began a Red Terror campaign to destroy all those
  who opposed the new regime
• Comparable to Reign of Terror during the French
  Revolution
• Russian Patriotism
• Unify against foreign invaders on Russian soil

69
Results of the Russian Revolution

• July 16, 1918-Czar and his family executed by the
  local soviet
• By 1921, Communists were in complete control of
  Russia
• Russia became a centralized single party state
• Hostility toward the Allied Powers

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End of the War

• 1917 saw struggles for the Allies
• Defeats on the Western Front
• Russia exits the war (Treaty of Brest-Litovsk)
  which angered the Allies
• Admiral Holtzendorff- convinced Emperor William
  II to resume unrestricted submarine warfare
• Conditions improve when US enters the war
• German decision to resume unrestricted submarine
  warfare brought US into war
• Psychological boost to Allies

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Second Battle of the MarneMarch 1918

• Last German offensive
• German attempt to take Paris repealed by French,
  Moroccan, and US troops
• Allied begin offensive toward Germany

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Germany concedes

• September 1918-General Ludendorff informs his
  commanders the German war is lost and Germany
  must surrender
• German Kaiser William II forced to step down
  because the Allies would not negotiate with the
  imperial government
• On the 11th day, of the 11th month, on the 11th
  hour Germany signs an armistice (truce to end
  fighting)

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New German government

• Friedrich Ebert and the Social Democrats set up a
  democratic republic
• Radical socialist create the German Communist
  Party
• Communist revolutions spring up in Germany
• Attempt to take over Berlin and Munich
• Revolutions fail, but creates a fear of
  Communism in Germany

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Paris Peace ConferenceJanuary 1919

• Meeting of 27 victorious Allied nations to create
  a peace settlement
• Germany not present
• Russia absent (Civil War)
• Big 3-US, Great Britain, France
• Made the majority of the decisions
• Most disagreement/compromise
• Big 4-Big 3 Italy
• Complicated negotiations
• Secret agreements made before threatened
  self-determination
• National Interests (France, Great Britain)

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National Interests

• George Clemenceau (France) was guided by the
  desire for national security and revenge
• Disarm Germany
• Reparations-payments to cover the cost of the war
• Create a buffer zone in the Rhineland
• Prime Minister David Lloyd George (Great Britain)
  wanted to make the Germans pay for the war

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Woodrow Wilson (US)

• Became a spokesperson for a new world order based
  on democracy and international cooperation
• Fourteen Points-Wilsons basis for the peace
  settlement
• Open diplomacy
• Reduce armaments
• Self-determination for all nations
• Proposed the League of Nations

77
League of Nations

• World organization dedicate to democracy and the
  maintenance of peace
• Accepted by Paris Peace Conference January 1919
• Never ratified by the United States

78
Peace Treaties

• Paris Peace Conference created five separate
  peace agreements for each of major Central Powers
• Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria, Turkey
• Germany-Treaty of Versailles

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Treaty of VersaillesJune 1919

• Treaty signed with Germany that many Germans felt
  has a harsh peace
• Germany must return Alsace and Lorraine to France
• Reparations
• Disarmament (reduce troops and weapons)
• Return Alsace and Loraine to France

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Treaty of Versailles (Cont.)

• Parts of Eastern Germany to Poland
• Demilitarized zone around Rhine River
• Blame/Responsibility
• Article 231-War Guilt Clause
• Declared Germany and Austria were responsible for
  starting the war
• Germany accepted the treaty as an dictated
  peace

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New Map of Europe

• After the Paris Peace Conference Europe looked
  much different, especially Eastern Europe
• Germany and Russia lost land
• Austria-Hungarian Empire disappeared
• New nation states
• Finland, Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania, Poland,
  Czechoslovakia, Austria, Hungary
• Yugoslavia-New Slavic state combining Serbia,
  Croatia, and Slovenia

82
Rewrite the following sentences in your own words
and be prepared to give an explanation

• Due to the numerous cultures of East Europe it
  was impossible to completely recognize all
  peoples right to self-determination and create a
  nation state for each group. Inevitably, this led
  to the existence of ethnic minorities and
  consequently conflicts in new nation states.

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League of Nations Mandates

• Ottoman Empire dissolved after WWI
• Former Ottoman State divided up into mandates
• Mandate-a nation officially governed by another
  nation on behalf of the League of Nations
• After the war Britain ruled Iraq and Palestine as
  mandates, but did not own the territory

84
Results of World War I

• 10 million dead
• 20 million wounded
• Europe Destroyed
• Increased governmental power over its citizens
• National Insecurity
• Anger of defeated Central Powers