THE REFORMATION

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THE REFORMATION
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Protestant Reformation 1517-1650

• To protest To object
• To reform To change for the better
• The Protestant Reformation
• Protested practices of the Catholic Church.
• It began as an attempt to reform the Catholic
  Church.

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Background

• At the beginning of the sixteenth century, the
  Catholic church had become extremely powerful,
  but very internally corrupt.
• Between 1215 and 1545 nine church-councils are
  held with church reforms as their primary intent.
  The councils all fail to reach significant
  accord.
• The clergy is unable to live according to church
  doctrine, and the abuse of church ceremonies and
  practices continues.
• The Renaissance, led people question the
  authority of the church and place greater faith
  in human reason.
• The rise of nation-states led monarchs to resent
  the power of the pope in their countries.

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Underlying Causes of the Reformation

• Economic restrictions such as the ban on usury,
  or the lending of money at interest, created
  opposition among members of the new middle class.
  
• People resented the tithe (10 tax).
• Corruption within the Catholic Church caused a
  crisis of faith among believers.

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People of the Reformation

• The Reformation movement begins in 1517 when a
  German friar named Martin Luther posts a list of
  grievances, called the Ninety-Five Theses,
  against the Roman Catholic Church.
• Luther condemned the Catholic Church for
• Selling indulgences
• Nepotism
• Its interpretation of the Bible

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Indulgencesand Nepotism

• Indulgences were pardons for sins that could be
  purchased.
• It equaled paying for forgiveness.
• NepotismThe Selling of positions of power within
  the Catholic Church.
• Martin Luther believed that faith alone
  guaranteed salvation(afterlife).

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Reformation and Art

• Protestant reformers reject the use of visual
  arts in the church. Stained glass windows are
  broken, images of the saints are destroyed, and
  pipe organs are removed from churches.
• The Catholic churches responds to this with an
  exuberant style of art and architecture called
  the baroque. The baroque is in ideological
  opposition to Protestant severity.

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Martin Luther

• Luther uses this opportunity to draw up a list of
  church activities for which he demands resolution
  and change.
• This list, the Ninety-Five Theses is centered
  around a call to eliminate the sale of
  indulgences. The Church demands that he retract a
  number of his protests.
• Luther refuses

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Martin Luther

• Luther is summoned to an imperial Diet in
  Augsburg in 1518. Retribution for his crime
  should have fallen rapidly, but the election of a
  new emperor, Charles V slows the justice system.
  Luther uses his time to plan a complete reform
  program for the church. His reforms include
• 1. national, rather than Roman, control of church
  finances
• 2. permission for the clergy to marry
• 3. a series of sacramental reforms which reduce
  the sacraments to Baptism, a reformed Mass, and
  the Holy Eucharist.

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Martin Luther

• Due to the invention of the printing press,
  Luther's reforms are quickly spread through
  Europe bringing much support.
• However, Luther is condemned as a heretic by Pope
  Leo X in the Edict of Worms. He is is forced to
  escape and live for a year in hiding, but his
  reforms have taken root.
• The split in the Roman Church is now
  irreconcilable.
• Ultimately, the Reformation creates a north-south
  split in Europe. In general the northern
  countries become Protestant while the south
  remains Catholic.

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No Going Back

• Though the Catholic Holy Roman Empire does not
  end until 1806, the German states are separated
  from the influence of Rome during the age of the
  Reformation.
• The German princes of the north protect Luther
  from the pope and the Holy Roman emperor, while
  gaining political power by assuming many of the
  privileges once reserved for the church.
• The Peace of Augsburg in 1555 temporarily
  reconciles the Protestant north and the Catholic
  south in the German states, and the conflict
  moves west into the monarchies of Spain and
  France.

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Social Empowerment

• Once the Reformation is under way the common
  people perceive it as a means of social
  empowerment. The peasant class senses the
  potential for secular, though not necessarily
  spiritual, freedoms.
• The Peasants War, which begins in 1524, is a
  response to Luther's urgings of democratic reform
  and a reaction to an unbalanced social system.
• Luther, initially sympathetic to the peasants, is
  eventually appalled by the war and angrily
  addresses the warring faction in a form of a
  pamphlet.
• As the spirit of reform spreads other leaders
  appear Ulrich Zwingli in Switzerland,
  French-born John Calvin who settles in Geneva,
  and John Knox who carries Calvin's teachings to
  Scotland.

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Drawbacks to the Reformation

• The social revolt has unfortunate consequences
  for Luther's reformation.
• The humanist view that human beings might be
  brought to higher spirituality through education
  and innate ability, is a source of contention for
  the Reformers.
• Instead the Reformers depend on the concept of
  man's original sin and his incontestable need for
  redemption and the Grace of God.

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Radical Reformers

• Luther's Protestantism has by and large
  beneficially cleaned up the church, but as time
  goes on the uglier side of the Reformation begins
  to arise.
• Reformers more extreme than Luther begin to make
  further demands for change. Among these is a
  scholar Ulrich Zwingli in Switzerland.
• Beyond rejecting the usual differences between
  biblical teachings and church practice, Zwingli
  wants all ritual abolished. No imagery is
  acceptable, not the crucifix, the chalice of the
  holy wine, clerical vestments, or organ music.

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John Calvin

• Exposed to the ideas of Luther, Calvin's writing
  indicate that he had turned Protestant in 1533.
• Calvin's ideas, rather than bringing about the
  reforms he sought, elicited a wave of
  anti-Protestant sentiment that forced him to flee
  for his own safety.
• He setup in Geneva (Switzerland) and introduced
  his own ideas.

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Calvinism

• The primary aspects of Calvinism include a belief
  in interpreting the Bible word for word and a
  belief in predestination.
• Predestination- Its already been decided if
  youre going to heaven or hell before you live
  your life.
• Calvin despised luxury and strict rules

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Henry VIII

• Henry VIII decided to rid himself of his first
  wife, Catherine of Aragon, after she had failed
  to produce a male heir to the throne.
• Henry VIII was a Roman Catholic and the head of
  this church was the pope based in Rome.
• The Roman Catholic faith believed in marriage for
  life. It did not support divorce.

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Henry Gets His Way

• In the Act of Supremacy Henry makes himself head
  of the Church of England in 1533.
• He divorced Catherine and had six wives (several
  were beheaded)
• The new branch of the Christian Church, was
  neither Roman Catholic nor truly Protestant
• Became known as the Anglican Church or the Church
  of England. King Henry acted essentially as its
  Pope.

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Counter-Reformation

• The response of the Roman Church to the
  reformers' demands is the Counter-Reformation.
  The Jesuits, founded by Ignatius of Loyola,
  aggressively lead a campaign to support Catholic
  doctrine.
• The members of the order acting behind the scenes
  in the Catholic monarchies, exercise a strong
  influence in political spheres.
  Counter-reformation forces will uphold papal
  authority and will ensure that, canonization and
  veneration of saints remains a cornerstone of
  celebratory ritual.
• In addition the visual grandeur of the church is
  to be encouraged and generously financed.

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Slowing Down

• In the second half of the 16th century the
  theological conflict becomes a political power
  struggle.
• By the time Martin Luther dies in 1546 and John
  Calvin in 1564 the Reformation message is
  complete. The Protestant movement has split into
  a number of churches, and no more great
  Protestant reformers are to appear.
• Ignatius of Loyola dies in 1556 and the Council
  of Trent ends in 1563, thus also bringing the
  Counter-Reformation to a theological halt.

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Visual Arts

• Until the invention of the printing press,
  spiritual teachings rely on mural painting,
  mosaic, and stained glass which are common in
  Catholic churches.
• Protestant reform rejects visual imagery and
  insists upon the primacy of the word. Mass
  production of printed material means that
  religious and philosophical literature is widely
  available to individuals.
• Despite the fact that the literature of reform is
  widespread, the peasants remains largely
  illiterate.
• For this reason the spoken words of the preacher
  become central to the church liturgy.

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The Aftermath

• Before and during the years of the Reformation,
  exploration and westward colonization broaden
  horizons and help relieve pressures among the
  warring factions in Europe.
• In spite of religious controversies the
  Reformation is a period of economic revolution,
  as mercantilism and commercial capitalism gains
  strength.
• Science and mathematics come to influence nearly
  every aspect of life.

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The Aftermath

• In politics the Dutch and English retain
  constitutional, representative governments, and
  hold fast to their civil liberties.
• France and Spain in spite of internal problems
  are guided by the strong hands of rulers such as
  Philip II (1527-1598) and Henry IV(1553-1610).

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The Aftermath

• 20th century Europe bears the imprint of
  Reformation. Italy, France, Ireland, Spain,
  Portugal, the south of Germany, Austria, and
  Hungary, Poland, and parts of the Balkans in
  eastern Europe, have continued to be
  predominantly Catholic.
• The rest, Scandinavia, England Scotland,
  Switzerland, the north and east of Germany, and
  parts of eastern Europe have largely remained
  Protestant.