Origins of the Cold War

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Origins of the Cold War

• 1945-1963

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I. Origins

1. Stalin refuses free elections
2. Satelite Nations
3. Violation of war conference agreements
4. USA, UK, France unify Germany
5. USSR?keep it weak.
6. March 1946, Churchill says, Iron curtain has
   descended across Europe.communism

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II. Containment

• Sec. of State Marshall, Dean Acheson, George
  Kennan
• Containment
• Truman DoctrineUSA had a duty to give to help
  free nations under comm. threat.

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III. Marshall Plan

1. Truman needed to supply to rebuild Europe
2. 3 billion over 4 yrs.
3. Rebuilding democratic govts
4. Help the region? Embarrass USSR?
5. Success?region entirely self-sufficient

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IV. Berlin and the Warsaw Pact

1. Stalin wants no part of capitalism?cuts off E.
   Germ. from W.
2. Berlin Airlift
3. NATO
4. Warsaw Pact

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Berlin and the Warsaw Pact (contd)

• One-up each other?arms race
• 1949USSR tests A-bomb
• 1952USA tests hydrogen bomb
• 1,000 stronger than Fat Man and Little Boy

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V. National Security Act NSC-68

• Nat. Sec. Act, 1947
• D.O.D
• National Sec. Council
• CIA
• NSC-68
• Use of troops to achieve
• containment

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VI. Cold War Asia

• Chian Kai-shek
• Mao Zedong
• 1949--China becomes communist
• 1950Stalin Mao communist bloc

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Korea

• 5. Korea
• N.Korea?communist
• 1950-cross 38th parallel into S.
• UN intervenes
• USA declares police action?not war
• N.Korean advanced repelled
• MacArthur pushes N.Korea to Chinese border

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Korea (contd)

1. UN pushed back across 38th parallel
2. MacArthur critical?disobeys Truman?removed from
   command
3. 1953Stalemate?still divided at 38th
   parallelto this day

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VII. Ike and Kennedy

1. 1952Ike elected pres. (Nixon VP)
2. Sec. of StateJohn Foster Dulles
3. Brinkmanshipnuclear war
4. Massive retaliationUSA would unleash nukes if
   threatened.
5. Smaller countries?

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VIII. U2, Bay of Pigs, Cuban Missile Crisis

1. 1958U2 spy plane (recon.) shot down
2. Since 1955, USA spying on USSR
3. Khrushchev, andry. calls off 1960 meeting

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Bay of Pigs

1. 1959Castro takes control
2. Nationalizes US businessesland reform
3. USA cuts off dipl.rel.?Castro looks to USSR
4. Ike approves plan to invade Cuba but dies

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Bay of Pigs

1. 1961JFK pres. agrees to invade Cuba
2. CIA, w/bad intelligence, used exiles to overthrow
   Castro
3. Failure and embarrassment
4. Krushchev wants USA out of Berlin
5. JFK refuses
6. Berlin Wall

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Cuban Missile Crisis

1. October 1962-Spy planes see nukes in Cuba
2. Threat goes from 30min. to 30sec.
3. JFK orders missiles removed
4. USSR Castro say no
5. JFK orders naval blockade of Cuba
6. Red Phonehot line for USA and USSR for
   emergencies.

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Cuban Missile Crisis (contd)

• Dulles new look, no good
• JFK, flexible response for communists
• Conventional tactics
• Special Operations
• Green Berets

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IX. Second Red Scare

1. House Un-American Activities Committee(HUAC)
2. Fear, paranoia
3. Alger Hiss?5 yrs.
4. Julius Ethel Rosenberg?death

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Second Red Scare (contd)

1. Sen. (R)Joseph McCarthy
2. McCarthyism
3. Communist witch hunt

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X. Americans the Cold War

• Fear of Hitler/Tojo?fear of nuclear war
• Americans need
• protection
• Sputnik, 1957

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Americans the Cold War (contd)

• 1958, Ike creates NASA
• National Highway Act, 1956
• Interstate freeways
• 42,000 miles
• Quick evacuation
• Emergency landing
• Transport missiles

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Americans the Cold War (contd)

• 6. Ike warns of the military-industrial
  complex?nation driven by needs of the arms race
  war machine