Decolonization, 1945-1975

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Chapter 33 Decolonization, 1945-1975
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The United Nations

• Two main bodies General Assembly (reps from all
  member states), Security Council (five permanent
  members US, China, France, UK, USSR seven
  rotating members)
• Day to Day business led by Secretary General,
  oversees UNICEF, FAO, UNESCO
• Majority vote, veto power with 5 members
• Renounces war, territorial conquest peacekeeping
  role
• General Assembly swelled with decolonization,
  used to have more weight

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Capitalism and Communism

• 1944 Bretton Woods Conference 40 countries met,
  devised new international monetary system fix
  exchange rates, create International Monetary
  Fund, World Bank
• Monetary system stabilized by US gold, dollar
  Soviets and Eastern Europe had closed monetary
  system govt. set prices, no market
• Thus, capitalist and communist economies
  competed US unparalleled growth 1950-70
• Marshall Plan helped Europe by 1963 doubled 1940
  output 1957 Europe created Common Market 1993
  EU

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Capitalism, Communism

• Capitalism led to growth, higher living
  standards, demand for consumer goods a mass
  consumer society
• Communism led to dramatic expansion in
  industrial production Soviets took advantage of
  natural resources, population, abundant energy,
  govt. investments in science/education.
• By 1970s communist economies fell behind, unable
  to adapt quickly to demand for consumer goods
  industry unable to meet demand

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West v. East in Europe, Korea

• 1940s emergence of communist regimes in Poland,
  Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Bulgaria, Romania,
  Yugoslavia, Albania
• 1947 US gave to Greece, Turkey
• 1947-1948 USSR blockaded Berlin
• 1961 USSR built Berlin Wall to stop population
  drain from East to West
• West tested the East by encouraging divisions in
  Warsaw Pact (i.e. Hungary, 1956)
• 1950 N. Korea invaded South, launching Korean
  War until 1953 remained at 38th parallel

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United States Defeat in Vietnam

• 1954 Ho Chi Minh defeated French forces in
  Dienbienphu, carved out communist N. Vietnam
  noncommunist govt. ruled South
• Eisenhower decided not to aid France Ho Chi Minh
  sent Viet Cong (guerrillas) to south
• 1961-3 Pres. John F. Kennedy sent military
  advisers, encouraged coup of Pres. Diem
• 1964 Lyndon Baines Johnson used Gulf of Tonkin
  incident for war 500,000 troops
• 1973 Nixon led treaty in Paris 1975 N.
  Vietnamese take over whole country 1 million
  Vietnamese dead, 58,000 Americans

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The Vietnamese People at War
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Cold War Confrontation
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The Race for Nuclear Supremacy

• 1949 USSR explodes first nuclear bomb
• 1952 USA first hydrogen bomb 1953 USSR
• 1962 USSR joins with Castro, nuclear missiles in
  Cuba Cuban Missile CrisisJFK blockaded,
  Khrushchev backed down etc.
• 1963 moratorium on nuclear testing
• 1968 Nuclear Non Proliferation Treaty
• Helsinki Accords human rights agreement
• Space Race 1957 Sputnik! US 3 mo later
• 1969 Armstrong, Aldrin USA on the moon!

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Decolonization and Nation Building

• New Nations in South and Southeast Asia
• The Struggle for Independence in Africa
• The Quest for Economic Freedom in Latin America
• Challenges of Nation Building

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New Nations South, SE Asia

• Pakistan under control of Muslim military
  leaders India secular republic led by Nehru
• 1947 War over Kashmir again in 1965, 1999 and
  2000 1971 Bengali speaking east split from
  Pakistan, formed Bangladesh
• 1946 USA recognizes Philippine freedom
• 1949 Achmad Sukarno took over Indonesia from
  Dutch control, ruled until 1965 coup
• 1948 Burma (Myanmar) free from Britain Malay
  Federation began
• 1965 Singapore became free city-state

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Struggle for Africa Independence

• 1952 Tunisia free from France 1956 Morocco
  free France still wanted Algeria
• 1954 Vietnamese victory over France triggered
  Algerian revolution free in 1962
• Sub-Saharan freedom gained through negotiation,
  not revolution African leaders trained in
  western schools, ideas
• 1957 Kwame Nkrumah freed Ghana, fell to coup in
  1966 1960 Nigeria free from UK 1961 Kenya
  free
• 1958 Guinea free from France other colonies by
  1960 (West Africa, Equatorial)

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African Independence II

• 1965 Mobuto Sese Seko seized control of Congo
  from Belgium violent, corrupt, driven from power
  in 1997
• 1961 Angola and Mozambique freed from Portuguese
  control by guerrilla nationalists
• 1980 Zimbabwe (Rhodesia) free from UK
• 1961 South Africa independence, yet apartheid
  (separation of races) 1964 Nelson Mandela led
  ANC (African National Congress) resistance
  imprisoned 1990 Mandela freed, S. Africa
  majority rule

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Decolonization, 1947-1990
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Jomo Kenyatta
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Econ. Freedom, Latin America

• Latin America independent in 1800s
• Europe and US dominated economy of Latin America
  Chiles copper, Columbian coffee, Cuban sugar,
  Guatemalas bananas
• Mexican Revolution led to nationalizing oil
  (1938), industrialization, yet still huge gulf
  between rich and poor (corrupt govt., huge
  population growth) 2000 elite families control
• Guatemala United Fruit Company (US) controlled
  land, economy Jacobo Arbenz Guzman (pres 1951)
  modeled after Vargas (Brazil) and Peron
  (Argentina)

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Economic Freedom L. America II

• Guzman wanted 1) land reform 2) less US political
  influence. CIA sponsored takeover, removed
  Guzman, led to decades of instability
• Cuba dominated by USsugar, banking,
  transportation, tourism, public utilities US
  most important market, too 1956 Sugar 80 of
  exports! Profits to US, wealthy Cubans
• 1953 Batista seized power in Cuba 1959 Fidel
  Castro led revolution w/Che Guevara knew
  conflict with US inevitable nationalized
  property of US corporations US embargoed, tried
  Bay of Pigs, CIA assassinations

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Cuban Poster of Ernesto Che Guevara
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Beyond a Bipolar World

• The Third World
• Japan and China
• The Middle East
• The Emergence of Environmental Concerns

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The Third World

• Nonaligned nations were Third World (not
  associated with two worlds of US, USSR)
• Nonaligned leaders wanted to extract money,
  support from one or both superpowers, play Cold
  War rivals against each other (Egypt)

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Japan and China

• Japan and China benefited most by USA, USSR
  preoccupation
• Japan focused resources on rebuilding industry,
  expanding trade kept military budget low growth
  in electricity, steel, ships
• 1949 Mao took over China 1956 Mao and USSR
  split because of rival communism 1958 Great
  Leap Forward designed to propel China into world
  power failed, led to 20-30 million deaths 1966
  Cultural Revolution 1971 Nixon normalized
  relations w/China, recognized One China

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Cultural Revolution in China
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The Middle East

• UK set Syria, Lebanon free after WWII 1952
  Egypt free, 1958 Iraq, 1956 Jordan
• Struggle with Israel defined Arab politics 1947
  UN recognized Israel, Palestine two states,
  Jewish and Arab
• 1948 Israel declared independence, Arab
  countries sent armies to help Palestinians
  Israel won 1967 Israel won war against Egypt,
  Syria and Jordan took Gaza Strip, Golan Hts,
  Sinai Peninsula caused PLO etc
• 1960 OPEC formed (Org of Petroleum Exporting
  Countries)

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Middle East II

• 1973 Yom Kippur Warsurprise attacks by Syria,
  Egypt v. Israel w/support from US, Israel won
• OPEC embargoed oil shipments to US and lowered
  production worldwide recession
• 1974 OPEC stopped embargo, quadrupled price
  massive transfer of wealth to Arab nations

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Shortage at the Pumps in the 70s 1 a gallon!
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Environmental Emergence

• Massive investments in economy hydroelectric
  dams, nuclear power stations, environmental
  impact of pesticide, herbicide, automobile
  exhaust, industrial waste, radiation
• 1970 Clean Air Act US began EPA first Earth
  Day
• Recognition of finite natural nonrenewable
  resources more efficient heating systems,
  lowered highway speeds (55 mph), cut back on
  consumption!