Decolonization, Nationalism, and The Rise of New Nations

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Decolonization, Nationalism, and The Rise of New
Nations

• The 20th Century

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Global Events Leading Up to Decolonization

• Imperialism
• Growing Nationalism
• World War I
• World War II
• Cold War

3
How WWI?

• Promises of self-determination
• Use of colonial soldiers in trenches
• Locals filled posts left by colonial powers
  during war
• Financial strain on empire
• Treaty of Versailles

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How WWII?

• Increased nationalist uprisings following WWI and
  as a result of the global depression
• Costs of empire
• US support of anti-colonial liberation movements
• Atlantic Charter (1941) right of all people to
  choose the form of government under which they
  live
• Soviets condemned colonialism

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How the Cold War?

• Provided inspiration a blend of capitalist and
  socialist economies and agendas.
• Provided arms to those who sided with one or the
  other (proxy wars and arms races).
• Encouraged violent recourse for some as a result
  of the power politics of cold war competition.

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Process of Decolonization and Nation-Building

• Surge of anti-colonial nationalism after 1945.
  Leaders used lessons in mass politicization and
  mass mobilization of 1920s and 1930s.
• Three patterns
• Civil war (China)
• Negotiated independence (India and much of
  Africa)
• Incomplete de-colonization (Palestine, Algeria
  and Southern Africa, Vietnam)

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China

• Japanese invasion interrupted the 1920s and 1930s
  conflict between the Communists (Mao Zedong) and
  the Guomindang (Chiang Kai-shek)
• During the war, CCP expanded peasant base, using
  appeals for women (health care, divorce rights,
  education access, graduated taxes, cooperative
  farming).
• Growth of party during the war in part through
  use of anti-Japanese propaganda.
• Resumption of civil war after Japanese surrender.
  
• 1949 Great Peoples Revolution- Mao Nationalist
  leaders fled to Taiwan.

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Outline

• GMD-CCP Civil War (1946-1949)
• Recovery and Socialism (1949-1956)
• Rethinking the Soviet model (1956-1957)
• Great Leap Forward (1958-1961)
• Recovery growing elite division (1962-5)
• Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution (1966-1976)

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Anti-Japanese War (1937-1945)
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Civil War (1946 1949)

• GMD Guomindang (Nationalist Party)
• Chiang Kai-shek (President)
• CCP Chinese Communist Party
• Mao Zedong

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War of Liberation
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Mao Zedong

• A revolution to remove 3 big mountains
• imperialism
• feudalism
• bureaucrat-capitalism
• A United Front of
• workers
• peasants
• petty bourgeoisie and national bourgeoisie

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Peoples Republic of China

• 1949-10-01, PRC, Beijing
• Chairman Mao Zedong
• 5-Star Red Flag
• Republic of China government retreated to Taiwan

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Economic Reconstruction 1950s

• Soviet Union model and assistance
• land reform (eliminate landlord class)
• heavy industry (state-owned enterprises)
• First National Peoples Congress (1954)
• PRC Constitution
• Zhou Enlai
• Premier
• Foreign Minister

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Great Leap Forward (1958-1960)

• abandon the Soviet model of economic development
• Soviet scientific planning
• mass mobilization
• peoples communes

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Great Leap Forward (1958-1960)

• unrealistic output targets
• industry
• agricultural and human disaster

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Growing Division (1962-1965)

• Mao Zedong vs. Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping
• charismatic leadership vs. bureaucracy

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Cultural Revolution (1966-1976)

• Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution
• commitment to revolution and class struggle
• power struggle to succeed Mao
• Phase I the rise and fall of red guards
• Phase II the rise and fall of Lin Biao
• Phase III the rise and fall of the Gang of Four

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Phase I Red Guards (1966-69)
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Phase I Red Guards (1966-69)

• Purge of party cadres
• Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping
• Purge of intellectuals

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Phase II Lin Biao (1969-71)

• the putative successor to Mao Zedong
• the cult of personality around Mao
• In 1971 Lin allegedly tried but failed
• to assassinate Mao
• to flee to Soviet Union (9.13)
• 9.13 eroded the credibility
• of the entire leadership
• of the Cultural Revolution

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Phase III the Gang of Four

• 1972 1976
• power struggle between
• the radical Gang of Four, led by Jiang Qing,
  Maos wife
• the moderates, led by Premier Zhou Enlai
• the fate of Deng Xiaoping

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Diplomatic Breakthrough

• 1971, PRC became the representative of China in
  UN (replaced ROC)

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Diplomatic Breakthrough

• 1972, President Nixon visited Beijing

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Mao and Zhou Died in 1976

• Turning point in Chinas postwar era
• Gang of Four were arrested
• End of the Cultural Revolution

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Maos legacies
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Reforms and Opening up

• The 3rd Plenum of the 11th CCP Central Committee
  in 1978
• Deng Xiaopings ascendancy
• economic modernization became focus
• US-PRC diplomatic relations in 1979

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China since 1945

• Mao dies in 1976 and Deng Xiaoping comes to
  power.
• Deng institutes the Four Modernizations, which
  focuses on improving agriculture, industry,
  science and technology as well as defense.
• Deng was in power until his death in 1997

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Government in China Today

• Currently known as the Peoples Republic of China
  (PRC).
• It is a single-party socialist republic (one
  party, in favor of the working class)
• The Communist party holds power
• The current president is Hu Jianto
• Beijing is the capital city

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Review of Chinas Population

• Over 1.3 billion people (1/5 of the worlds
  population)
• 56 recognized ethnic groups. The Han are the
  largest (92)
• Large population can be attributed to Mao

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Population in China

• Efforts were made to limit the population
• Only 2 children per family law
• One Child Policy
• Policies did not work that well
• Rural families did not comply
• Males regarded more highly than females

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Negotiated Independence in India and Africa

• Independence with little bloodshed in India and
  much of colonial Africa in decades following
  World War II.
• Why? At what cost?

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India

• India and other Asian colonies were the first to
  establish independence movements.
• Western-educated minorities organized politically
  to bring about the end of modification of
  colonial regimes.

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Mohandas Mahatma Gandhi

• Passed English bar - lawyer for Indian merchants
  in South Africa.
• Gandhis answer to a spiritual theory of social
  action Satyagraha - soul force. A tactic
  using nonviolent resistance or civil
  disobedience.

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A Revolution in Indian politics

• Gandhis Satyagraha -
• What do you think? Wherein in courage required
  in blowing others to pieces from behind a cannon,
  or with a smiling face to approach a cannon and
  be blown to pieces?...Believe me that a man
  devoid of courage and manhood can never be a
  passive resister.

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Gandhi in India

• 1915 back in India - Dressed in traditional
  clothing- crisscrossed India on third-class
  trains listening to common people to understand
  their plight.
• Urged a boycott of British goods, jobs honors.

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The British Back Down

• 1931 - released Gandhi from jail negotiated
  with him as an equal.
• 1935 - Indian got a new constitution.
• 1942- called on British to Quit India civil
  disorder campaign arrested jailed.

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The Muslim League

• Led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah (1876-1948)
• Feared Hindu domination of an independent India
  ruled by Congress Party.
• Made Muslim separation from Hindu majority a
  nationalist issue.
• In 1940 Jinnah told a Muslim League conference
  that Britain should give Indian Hindus Muslims
  separate homelands Gandhi appalled victory of
  hate over love

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Independence But Partition

• Britain agreed to speedy independence in 1945,
  but murderous clashes between Hindus and Muslims
  in 1946 led to a delay.
• In the end...
• Indias last Viceroy, Lord Mountbatten
  (1900-1979) proposed partition. Both sides
  agreed.
• One fifth of humanity gained independence on
  August 14th 1947.

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The Tragedy of Partition

• Massacres and mass expulsions.
• 100,000 slaughtered five million refugees
• Gandhi said What is there to celebrate? I see
  nothing but rivers of death.
• Gandhi was gunned down in January 1948 by a Hindu
  fanatic, while announcing a fast to protest Hindu
  persecution of Muslims.

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Refugees
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Modern India

• Largest democracy in the world
• Jawaharlal Nehru became the first prime minister
  for the next 17 years
• Democracy, Unity, Economic Modernization
• Challenges
• Kashmir years of conflict that continues today
• Cold War alignment NON Alignment Movement
• Industrialization slow but coming
• Social and cultural issues continuous challenges
  with progress
• Caste system
• Economic
• Womens rights

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Kashmir

• Border both India Pakistan
• Hindu leader with large Muslim populations
• 1947-Pakistan invaded leading Kashmir to align
  with India fighting cont.d until 1949. Cease
  fire lead to 1/3 control by Pakistan 2/3 by
  India.
• 1962- China seized part of Kashmir
• 1972- Indian and Pakistani forces fought again
• Today tensions continue and flare up
  intermittently

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Nehrus Family Rules

• 1964 Nehru dies
• Congress Party left with no strong leader
• 1966 Indira Gandhi becomes Prime Minister
  (Nehrus daughter)
• 1980 re-elected (after a short period out of
  office)
• Increased food/grain production
• Faced a threat from Sikh extremists agitating for
  an independent state
• 1984 500 were killed in a violent demonstrations
• 2 months later her Sikh bodyguards shot her
• 1984-89 Rajiv Gandhi leader / charged with
  corruption
• 1991 killed by a bomb while campaigning near
  Madra

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Independence in Africa
The Colonial Divisions of Africa and the
Emergence of New Nations
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Africa

• Nationalists composed of ex-servicemen, urban
  unemployed under-employed, and the educated.
• Pan-Africanism (Marcus Garvey) and Negritude
  (Senghor)
• Senghor (Senegal) and Dubois (African-American)

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Africa

• 1957, Gold Coast (renamed Ghana) independence,
  led by western- educated, Kwame Nkrumah.
• By 1963, all of British- ruled Africa, except
  Southern Rhodesia, was independent.

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Africa

• French-Ruled
• Initially more resistant than the British.
• Encouraged closer French ties- assimilation, not
  autonomy.
• Not willing to go far enough in granting rights.
• With exception of Algeria, by 1960 had granted
  independence.

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Leopold Sedar Senghor

• Western educated Francophone intellectual from
  Senegal
• Poet who became first president of Senegal.
• Advocated democratic socialism and negritude.

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Leopold Sedar Senghor

• Negritude validation of African culture and the
  African past by the Negritude poets. Recognized
  attributes of French culture but were not willing
  to be assimilated into Europe.
• "L'èmotion est nègre, la raision est héllène."
  (emotion is Negro, reason is Greek) "Negritude is
  the totality of the cultural values of the Black
  world."

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Violent Incomplete Decolonization

• Presence of European immigrant groups impeded
  negotiations? violence.
• Kenya, Palestine, Algeria, and southern Africa
• Vietnams de-colonization complicated by Frances
  colonial ties and cold war politics.

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Middle East Palestine Israel

• Zionism
• 1917 Balfour Declaration
• Immigration of Jews to Palestine
• European Holocaust
• Increase of migration
• 1947- end of British mandate of Palestine and
  failed UN partition solution
• 1948 establishment of Israel
• Regional conflicts-gt

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Kenya

• Presence of settlers prevented smooth transition
  of power.
• Kenya (20,000 Europeans only) led to violent
  revolt.
• Mau-Mau Revolt, 1952, led by Kikuyus suppressed
  by British.
• 1963 independence granted to black majority, led
  by Kenyatta.

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South Africa

• 4 million white residents
• After 1901, denied civil rights to black
  population
• Strong economy, both mining industry
• Black workers demanded change
• Afrikaner-dominated (white) National Party won
  1948 election

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Apartheid
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South Africa

• Apartheid
• 87 of land for whites others classified by race
• No protests tolerated (African National Congress,
  Mandela, Sharpeville massacre 1960)
• Evoked international opposition
• 1989, end of apartheid
• F. W. de Klerk
• 1990s black government elected
• 1994, Nelson Mandela 1st black president

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Vietnam

• French rule since 1880s rice, mining, and rubber
  exports
• Rise of foreign educated intelligentsia (Ho Chi
  Minh)
• Formation of Viet Minh in 1941
• Guerrilla War with France (1946-1954) (aided by
  China)
• Divided country in 1954 (Geneva Conference) led
  to gradual US entry to contain communism.

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Vietnam

• Cold War stalemate
• Viet Cong
• Bombing campaign (President Johnson), ground
  troops in 1965
• Until 1973?Paris Peace Accords
• 1975, last American troops leave

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Women as leaders in the movement

• Women fought alongside men in whatever capacities
  were permitted in Algeria, Egypt, China, Vietnam,
  India and elsewhere.
• China, 1942
• The fighting record of our women does not
  permit us to believe that they will ever again
  allow themselves to be enslaved whether by a
  national enemy or by social reaction at home.
• Women given constitutional rights but social and
  economic equality rarely achieved in postcolonial
  developing nations.

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Fall of Empire Fall out Legacy

• Colonial footprint
• Problems of Transition
• Problems of Identity

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Challenges of Independence

• Ethnic disputes
• Dependent economies
• Growing debt
• Cultural dependence on west?religious revivalism
  as backlash
• Widespread social unrest
• Military responses to restore order

• Population growth
• Resource depletion
• Lack of middle class in some locales
• Education deficit and later, brain-drain.
• Neo-colonialism through economic debt.

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Conclusions

• Decolonization was sometimes a violent process-
  dependent in large part on how many settlers had
  come to the colony.
• In many parts of world, decolonization was not
  revolutionary. Power passed from one class of
  elites to another. Little economic and social
  reform occurred.
• Significant challenges faced independent
  nations.
• Western economic dominance of the global trade
  system continued unabated. WHY?