Middle East

1
Middle East

• 1915-Present

2
Turkey

• Created from the remnants of the Ottoman Empire
• Young Turks commit genocide against the
  Armenians, 1915-1919, still dont admit it
• Mustafa Kemal Ataturk declares independence
  creates a modern secular Islamic state in 1923
• Balances between Western Islamic influences

3
Turkey After Ataturk

• 1938- President Ataturk dies
• 1939-45- Neutral until end of WWII, declare war
  on the Axis powers but never fights then joins
  the U.N.
• 1950- first open democratic elections, won by
  opposition party
• 1952- Abandons Ataturks neutrality joins NATO

4
Turkish Unrest

• 1974- Turkey invades Northern Cyprus, trade
  embargo follows, embargo lifted in 1978
• 1984- Recognizes Turkish Republic of Northern
  Cyprus Kurds launch a separatist war (PKK)
• 1987- Applies for full membership in EEC
  (European Economic Community, now the EU)
• 1999- PKK leader captured, sentenced to life in
  prison

5
Turkey Today

• Turkey has gone through several military coups
  new constitutions
• The nation is divided between secularists
  Islamists as well as Turks, Kurds, Christians
  (Armenians Greeks)
• In 2015, 17 former military leaders were
  sentenced to time in prison for plotting a coup
  in 2003

6
PersiaIran

• Tug of war between Britain, Russia, the USA
  throughout the 20th Century
• Ruled by a totalitarian Shah until 1979
• Islamic Revolution led by Ayatollah Khomeini in
  1979 established an Islamic theocracy

• The Iranian government was vehemently
  Anti-American
• 52 Americans were held hostage for 444 days after
  the revolution

7
Iran in the 1980s

• 1980- Iraq invades Iran starts the 8 year
  Iran-Iraq War
• 1985- Iran-Contra Affair, US sold weapons to Iran
  to send money to rebels in Nicaragua
• 1988- U.S. ship shoots down an Iranian passenger
  jet killing 290 people
• 1989- Ayatollah Khomeini dies, President
  Khamenei named supreme leader

8
Iran After Khomeini

• 1995- U.S. imposes sanctions against Iran for
  sponsoring terrorism developing nuclear
  weapons
• 1998- Iran sends troops to border with
  Afghanistan after Taliban kills 8 Iranian
  diplomats a journalist
• 2009- Green Revolution erupts when election
  results are disputed, leads to brutal police
  crack down

9
Irans Nuclear Story

• 2002- Russia starts building Irans 1st nuclear
  reactor
• 2003- IAEA (U.N. nuclear agency) determines Iran
  doesnt have a weapons program
• 2005- Iran starts enriching uranium again
• 2012- more nations impose trade sanctions
• 2015- a deal with Iran established and passed,
  sanctions were lifted inspections allowed, not
  supported by conservatives in both nations

10
Saudi Arabia

• Unified by Abd al-Aziz Ibn Saud beginning in
  1902, with the help of ultra-conservative Ikhwan
  based on Wahhabism
• Named Saudi Arabia in 1932
• The Saud family rules the nation
• Oil discovered in 1938.
• All national improvements made with oil revenue
• Extremes of wealth

11
Saudi Arabia Oil

• 1960- Saudi Arabia is a founding member of OPEC
  (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries)
• 1973- Leads boycott against Western nations that
  support Israel in the October Wars. Oil prices
  quadruple.
• 1979- cuts ties with Egypt after Camp David
  Accords establish peace between Egypt Israel

12
Saudi Arabia Contd

• 1987- Resumes diplomatic relations with Egypt
• 1990- Condemns Iraqs invasion of Kuwait expels
  citizens of Jordan Yemen because the
  governments support Iraq
• 1994- Osama Bin Laden stripped of his Saudi
  citizenship
• 2001- 15 of 19 9/11 hijackers from Saudi Arabia

13
Saudi Arabia Today

• Saudi Arabia has battled terrorism civil unrest
  across the region in the last 15 years
• Hundreds have been arrested for ties to al-Qaeda,
  no clear numbers of convictions
• Women have been fighting for rights, voting,
  holding political office, driving
• Currently fighting Houthi rebels in Yemen the
  Islamic State in Syria

14
Decolonization Partitioning

• 1917 Balfour Declaration- Britain promises a
  homeland for the Jews
• The Arabs were also promised their own state in
  Palestine

15
Israel

• Jewish nation-state created after the horrors of
  the Holocaust during WWII
• Established May 14, 1948
• Attacked by Arab neighbors on May 15, 1948
• Other wars broke out in 1956, 1967, 1973
• Conflict introduced the idea of terrorism to
  the world, Israeli athletes murdered at the
  Munich Olympics in 1972

16
Israel Palestine

• 1982- Israel invades Lebanon to attack
  Palestinian strongholds
• 1987- First Intifada- Unarmed Palestinians revolt
  against Israeli rule of Gaza the West Bank,
  throw rocks _at_ soldiers police
• 1993- Oslo Accords- Established a timeline plan
  for peaceful coexistence with Palestinians, Prime
  Minister Rabin was assassinated in 1995 over this
• 2000- Second Intifada- Oslo Accords failed due to
  hardliners on both sides, second revolt erupts

17
Israel Since 2000

• 2005- Israel pulls out of Gaza builds wall to
  protect against suicide bombers
• PLO loses elections in Gaza to the militant Hamas
• 2006- Israel fights a missile war against
  Hezbollah in Lebanon, no clear winner after 33
  days
• Israel has established a prosperous stable
  democracy with a growing economy high standard
  of living

18
Palestinians

• Displaced by Israel, many refused to leave or
  were rejected by the Arab nations
• Refuse to recognize Israel as a legitimate nation
• Given control of the Gaza Strip and the West Bank
  
• Suicide bombers have frequently attacked Israel
  from the Palestinian camps
• Israel is currently stepping up settlement of
  these areas

19
PLO

• PLO Palestinian Liberation Organization
• Founded led by Yassir Arafat from 1959 until
  his death 2004
• The PLO achieved international recognition from
  the U.N. in 1988

20
Egypt

• Suez Canal built with the French in 1869 made
  Egypts location even more important in terms of
  Indian Ocean trade and the rapidly developing oil
  industry during the early 20th century

• Abdul Gamal Nasser nationalized the Suez Canal
  in 1956 which led to a war with Israel, Britain,
  France

21
Egypt
Anwar Sadat-Egypt
Menachim Begin-Israel

• Egypt was the first Arab nation to make peace
  with Israel, Camp David Accords brokered by Jimmy
  Carter in 1978
• President Anwar Sadat was assassinated in 1981 by
  Islamic extremists for signing the peace
  agreement, martial law established by Pres.
  Mubarak
• Several of the most famous Islamic terrorists
  have been from Egypt, Mohammed Atta Dr. Ayman
  al-Zawahiri

22
Egypt Today

• 2010 election results disputed by opposition
  parties
• 2011 Protests in Tahrir Square, part of Arab
  Spring, force Mubarak to step down. Tried for
  ordering killing of protestors
• 2012 Muslim Brotherhood wins elections, military
  ends state of emergency started with Sadat
  assassination in 1981
• 2013 Military overthrows Morsi Muslim
  Brotherhood, religious political parties banned
• 2014 General Sisi wins presidential election,
  human rights still severely limited

23
Syria

• 1918 Arab troops with British support end 400
  years of Ottoman rule by capturing Damascus
• 1919 Emir Feisal claims all the territory from
  the Taursus Mtns to Sinai Desert
• 1920 Syria-Lebanon becomes a French protectorate
  while Palestine is a British one
• Syria occupied by Germany, Britain, the Free
  French Army during WWII

24
Syria 1946-1970

• 1946 French troops leave Syria
• 1947-1970 Syria ruled by a series of dictators
  Egyptian President Nasser as part of the United
  Arab Republic
• 1967 Syria loses the Golan Heights most of
  their Air Force to Israel in the Six Day War
• 1970 Hafez Assad overthrows the president
  imprisons other leaders

25
Syria 1975-2000

• 1975 Assad agrees to peace with Israel if Arab
  lands are returned
• 1976 Syria intervenes in Lebanese civil war
• 1980 Muslim Brotherhood attempts to assassinate
  Assad
• 1990 Syria part of US-led coalition against Iraq
• 2000 Bashar Assad becomes president when his
  father dies

26
Syria 2001- Today

• 2001 Bashar Assad continues totalitarian rule
• 2004 US imposes sanctions for Syrian support of
  terrorism
• 2007 Israel bombs building site in Syria, IAEA
  reports it as secret nuclear reactor in 2011
• 2011 Syrian civil war begins
• 2012 Assad government accused of using chemical
  weapons on civilians
• 2014 Islamic State of Iraq Syria established
  making a 3 sided civil war

27
ISIS

• Terrorist group that founded in 1999 pledged
  allegiance to al Qaeda in 2004
• 2014 declared a worldwide caliphate, control of
  all Muslims
• 2014 al Qaeda cut all ties with ISIS due its
  extreme methods
• ISIS systematically executes all people who
  oppose them in captured territories destroy
  historic artifacts sites to erase the record

28
Peace?

• The Middle East is home to all three monotheistic
  religions extremes of wealth
• The Middle East has been controlled by various
  powers throughout recorded history
• The wish to control religious sites has now
  shifted to the desire to control natural
  resources and for the people to have a voice in
  government