Get up, Stand up

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Get up, Stand up

• We sick an' tired of-a your ism-skism game Dyin'
  'n' goin' to heaven in-a Jesus' name, Lord.We
  know when we understandAlmighty God is a living
  man.You can fool some people sometimes,But you
  can't fool all the people all the time.So now we
  see the light (What you gonna do?),We gonna
  stand up for our rights! (Yeah, yeah, yeah!)So
  you betterGet up, stand up! (In the morning!
  Git it up!)Stand up for your rights! (Stand up
  for our rights!)Get up, stand up!Don't give up
  the fight! (Don't give it up, don't give it
  up!)Get up, stand up! (Get up, stand up!)Stand
  up for your rights! (Get up, stand up!)Get up,
  stand up! ( ... )Don't give up the fight! (Get
  up, stand up!)Get up, stand up! ( ... )Stand up
  for your rights!Get up, stand up!Don't give up
  the fight! /fadeout/

• Get up, stand up stand up for your rights!Get
  up, stand up stand up for your rights!Get up,
  stand up stand up for your rights!Get up, stand
  up don't give up the fight!Preacherman, don't
  tell me,Heaven is under the earth.I know you
  don't knowWhat life is really worth.It's not
  all that glitters is gold'Alf the story has
  never been toldSo now you see the light,
  eh!Stand up for your rights. Come on!Get up,
  stand up stand up for your rights!Get up, stand
  up don't give up the fight!Get up, stand up
  stand up for your rights!Get up, stand up don't
  give up the fight!Most people think,Great God
  will come from the skies,Take away
  everythingAnd make everybody feel high.But if
  you know what life is worth,You will look for
  yours on earthAnd now you see the light,You
  stand up for your rights. Jah!

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The Colonized World
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Third World/ Developing Nations
First World Western industrialized
nations Second World Communist industrialized
nations Third World undeveloped nations in
Asia, Latin America and Africa

• Independence and Revolution
• 1945-present

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Decolonization-Independence

• TE the relinquishing of all colonial
  possessions by imperial powers
• More than EIGHTY countries gained independence
  between 1945-1980

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Decolonization and the Cold War

• TE The U.S. and U.S.S.R. were committed to
  decolonization but as cold war animosity
  deepened the leaders of the Soviet Union and the
  United States tended to view new nations and
  struggling nationalist movements through a Cold
  War prism. Emerging nations were often
  confronted by the demand that they take sides and
  choose between capitalism and communism.

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Decolonization

• NEGOTIATION
• India / Pakistan
• Much of Africa
• Indonesia
• Philippines

• WAR
• Vietnam France
• Algeria France
• Kenya Britain
• Mozambique Angola Portugal

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India Partitioned Independence

• Mohandas Gandhi led a resistance movement to
  British rule starting in 1915
• After WWII, tensions between Hindus and Muslims
  complicated independence
• Creation of two states Pakistan and India

Gandhi believed in passive resistance. He also
launched the homespun movement.
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Approximately one million people were killed in
the process of partition.
East Pakistan became Bangladesh in 1971
The status of Kashmir is a source of ongoing
conflict between India and Pakistan
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Wagah Border between India and Pakistan
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India since 1945

• The worlds largest democracy a stupendous
  task considering Indias religious, ethnic, and
  class diversity
• A mixed economy the license Raj with market
  reforms since 1990s
• Worlds second most populous nation over 1
  billion people
• Unaligned during the Cold War possesses nuclear
  weapons
• Border conflicts with Pakistan and China

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Pakistan since 1945

• The regions first Islamic Republic
• Mostly a military dictatorship
• Staunch U.S. ally during the Cold War and today
• Possesses nuclear weapons
• Borders Afghanistan and has had an ambiguous
  relationship with the Taliban

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War in VietnamWar for independence from France

• French returned to Vietnam after WWII
• French withdrew after defeat at Dien Bien Phu in
  1954
• 1954 Vietnam divided at 17th parallel

Vietnamese victorious at Dien Bien Phu
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War in VietnamCold War conflict with U.S.

• 1945-54 Aid to French
• 1954-65 Advisors and support to the South
• 1965-73 Escalation of war
• 1976 Vietnam united under a Communist
  government
• Vietnam was a war for national liberation that
  became a Cold War conflict

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Southeast Asia Indonesia
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Independent Indonesia

• 18,108 islands 300 separate linguistic groups
  Bahasa Indonesian the official language
• 85 Muslim
• Transition from military dictatorship in late
  1990s
• Conflict over East Timor 1975-99
• Since 9/11 Indonesia and Philippines Mindanao
  new al-Qaeda base?

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1960 Year of Africa
First independent state Ghana 1957
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Uhuru-Independence

• Nationalist movements
• Western-educated leaders
• One-party states
• Social reforms-education, health, economic
  development
• Negritude
• Pan-Africanism

• Nkrumah-Ghana
• Kenyatta-Kenya
• Nyerere-Tanzania
• Lumumba-Congo

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The Problem of Africa

• Colonial heritage
• artificial borders
• little leadership experience / racism
  extractive empire
• bitterness among ethnic groups
• economies reliant on a few commodities
• Authoritarian leaders
• Internal violence
• Economic and agricultural crises 1980s? famine
• Health crises HIV / AIDS
• 2000-2020 68 million will die of AIDS 55
  million from Sub-Saharan Africa

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Failed States

• An estimated 2 billion people live in countries
  in danger of collapse.
• In failed/failing states
• The government has lost control of the legitimate
  use of force
• It is not able to deliver public services
• It is marked by violence and extreme poverty

• Failed States Index 2006
• Sudan
• Democratic Republic of the Congo
• Ivory Coast
• Iraq
• Zimbabwe
• Chad
• Somalia
• Haiti
• Pakistan
• Afghanistan
• SOURCE Foreign Policy Magazine, May 2006

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• Ethnic groups
• in Africa
• Artificial borders
• have created
• conflict in
• Congo (Zaire)
• Nigeria
• Uganda
• Angola
• Zimbabwe
• Sudan
• Rwanda/Burundi

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Never again? Genocide in Rwanda

• Burundi/Rwanda colonized by Germany? Belgium
• Belgian authorities ruled through Tutsi minority
• After independence (1962) majority Hutus
  controlled government
• April-July 1994 800,000 killedmostly Tutsi

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Crisis in Sudan

• Independent 1956
• 19 major ethnicities, 597 sub-groups, 100
  languages and dialects
• Since July 2003 Arab camel-herding Janjaweed,
  has targeted non-Arab agricultural tribes
• Death toll estimates from 50,000 400,000 U.S.
  has labeled genocide
• Sudanese government will not allow U.N.
  Peacekeeping Mission into country

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South Africa

• Apartheid
• African National Congress
• Mandela
• Majority rule - 1994

http//www.npr.org/news/specials/mandela/
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Incomplete decolonizationApartheid in South
Africa

• 14 of South African population descended from
  British and Dutch settlers
• 1948 system of apartheid separateness
  established
• By law, 87 of territory belonged to white
  settlers
• Separate and unequal schools, residences, public
  facilities, access to jobs
• Violent suppression of opposition, including
  African National Congress ANC Nelson Mandela
  imprisoned 1964-90

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The end of apartheid

• Due to domestic and international outrage, F.W.
  DeKlerk released Nelson Mandela from prison in
  1990 and open elections were held in 1994, ending
  minority rule.
• Nelson Mandela became the first black president
  of South Africa

Nelson Mandela
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Latin AmericaCold War Competition

• 1947-48 Rio Pact and Organization of American
  States (OAS)
• 1961-62 Bay of Pigs and Cuban Missile Crisis
• Between 1954-89 the U.S. influenced or intervened
  in anti-leftist movements in Guatemala,
  Nicaragua, Haiti, Panama, Dominican Republic,
  Brazil, Chile, El Salvador, Grenada

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Exodus, Bob Marley

• Exodus, movement of jah people! oh-oh-oh,
  yea-eah!
• Men and people will fight ya down (tell me
  why!)When ya see jah light. (ha-ha-ha-ha-ha-ha-ha
  !)Let me tell you if youre not wrong (then,
  why? )Everything is all right.So we gonna walk
  - all right! - through de roads of creationWe
  the generation (tell me why!)(trod through great
  tribulation) trod through great
  tribulation.Exodus, all right! movement of jah
  people!Oh, yeah! o-oo, yeah! all right!Exodus
  movement of jah people! oh, yeah!Open your eyes
  and look withinAre you satisfied (with the life
  youre living)? uh!We know where were going,
  uh!We know where were from.Were leaving
  Babylon,Were going to our father land.

• Exodus movement of jah people! oh,
  yeah!(movement of jah people!)
• Send us another brother Moses!(movement of jah
  people!) from across the Red Sea!(movement of
  jah people!) send us another brother
  moses!(movement of jah people!) from across the
  red sea!Movement of jah people!Open your eyes
  and look withinAre you satisfied with the life
  youre living? We know where were goingWe
  know where were from.Were leaving Babylon,
  yall!Were going to our fathers land.Jah
  come to break down pression,Rule equality,Wipe
  away transgression,Set the captives free.

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Redemption Song, Bob Marley

• Old pirates, yes, they rob ISold I to the
  merchant ships,Minutes after they took IFrom
  the bottomless pit.But my hand was made
  strongBy the 'and of the Almighty.We forward in
  this generationTriumphantly.Won't you help to
  singThese songs of freedom? -'Cause all I ever
  haveRedemption songsRedemption
  songs.Emancipate yourselves from mental
  slaveryNone but ourselves can free our
  minds.Have no fear for atomic energy,'Cause
  none of them can stop the time.How long shall
  they kill our prophets,While we stand aside and
  look? Ooh!Some say it's just a part of itWe've
  got to fulfil de book.

• Won't you help to singThese songs of freedom?
  -'Cause all I ever haveRedemption
  songsRedemption songsRedemption songs.
• Emancipate yourselves from mental slaveryNone
  but ourselves can free our mind.Wo! Have no fear
  for atomic energy,'Cause none of them-a can-a
  stop-a the time.How long shall they kill our
  prophets,While we stand aside and look?Yes,
  some say it's just a part of itWe've got to
  fulfil de book.
• Won't you help to singDese songs of freedom?
  -'Cause all I ever hadRedemption songs -All I
  ever hadRedemption songsThese songs of
  freedom,Songs of freedom.

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Latin America in the 20th century

• Political Developments
• Political Stability through Authoritarian Leaders
  (the persistence of caudillismo)
• Role of the Military in Politics
• Political Revolution - attraction of communism
  (Cuba and Castro) Nicaragua Jamaica
• Human Right Abuses in the 1980's - Argentina,
  Chile, El Salvador
• E. Movement towards Democracy in the 1990's

• Economic Developments
• A. Economic Growth - "One Crop Economies" and
  Dependency
• B. 20th century European Immigration and its
  Impact - Italy, Spain, Portugal
• C. Urbanization - "megacities" (Mexico City,
  Rio de Janeiro)
• D. "Narcodemocracies" - Colombia, Peru
• E. Oil Producers - Mexico, Venezuela

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Che Guevara
Revolution!
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Alfredo Rostgaard, 1969 Christ guerrilla This
poster illustrates a quotation of the Columbian
priest Camilo Torres If Jesus were alive today,
he would be a guerrillero. Torres, one of the
most forceful spokesmen of the so-called
liberation theology, joins the armed struggle and
gets killed in 1969.
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Massacre in the Cathedral, Fernando Botero,
Colombian Artist
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Post-colonial or neo-colonial?

• Challenges of newly independent nations
• Legacies of colonization unnatural national
  borders, internal conflict, no tradition of
  self-rule
• External political and economic pressures during
  the Cold War ? the difficulty of remaining
  unaligned

McDonalds in Africa
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"I will give you a talisman. Whenever you are in
doubt, or when the self becomes too much with
you, apply the following test. Recall the face of
the poorest and the weakest man woman whom you
may have seen, and ask yourself, if the step you
contemplate is going to be of any use to him
her. Will he she gain anything by it? Will it
restore him her to a control over his her own
life and destiny? In other words, will it lead to
swaraj freedom for the hungry and spiritually
starving millions?       Then you will find your
doubts and your self melt away.  - One of the
last notes left behind by Gandhi in 1948,
expressing his deepest social thought. Source
Mahatma Gandhi Last Phase, Vol. II (1958), P.
65.
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