Ch 31 1945 - 1975

1
Ch 311945 - 1975

• Main Topics
• The Cold War - impact on Europe, U.S. and
  everywhere else!
• Decolonization and Nation Building - Africa,
  Middle East, S.E. Asia

2
The Cold WarPost WWII - 1991
U.S. vs. U.S.S.R Capitalism and Democracy vs.
Communism and Dictatorship free-trade capitalism,
consumer economy vs. command system, heavy
industry higher standard of living vs. lower
standard of living Both superpowers had nuclear
weapons Both threatened to use them
3
The Cold War creates a polarized world
NATO v. Warsaw Pact - military alliances
Eastern European nations turned into Soviet
satellite states
Truman Doctrine Marshall Plan Soviet response
Comecon
Marshall Plan European Recovery Plan economic
aid
4
League of Nations Fascist Aggression
WWII United Nations
United Nations
Main Message?
The General Assembly The Security Council veto
power U.S. China France Britain Soviet Union
Main Message?
5
European Economic Cooperation and unity
World Wide
Bretton Woods, New Hampshire International
Monetary Fund (IMF) or the World Bank - grant
loans for development with conditions attached
European only
1992 Treaty of Maastricht European Union EU
Treaty of Rome 1957 European Economic
Community Common Market
1948 Organization of European Economic
Cooperation (OEEC) coal and steel
lower and finally remove tariffs between member
nations resulting in free movement of people,
capital and services between nations that are
members
6
Soviet economy and those of their satellite
nations

• a command economy
• economy geared towards heavy industry not
  consumer goods lower standard of living
• not meeting domestic demand of population not
  enough cars, housing, food, electronics, etc.
• collectivization of agriculture

7
Cold War in Europe

• A promise was made to provide military aid any
  country resisting a threat of Communist take-over
  (Greece and Turkey) Truman Doctrine Marshall
  Plan provided funds to Western European
  countries to rebuild after WWII
• 1948 -1949 Berlin Blockade by Soviet Union
  Berlin Airlift by U.S.
• 1961 Berlin Wall built
• 1956 Soviet troops and tanks stop revolts in
  Hungary to overthrow Communism
• 1968 Soviet troops and tanks stop revolts in
  Czechoslovakia to overthrow Communism
• NATO vs. Warsaw Pact

8
U.S. foreign policy1945 - 1975

• anything but isolationist
• domino theory used to justify involvement in
  Vietnam
• policy of containment

9
Cold Wars impact on E. Asia
Korean War 1950 - 1953
North Korea - Communist - supported by Peoples
Republic of China
End of war 38th parallel line separates both
countries
South Korea - non-Communist - supported by U.S.
10
Cold War in S.E. Asia
Timeline 1954 France loses colony
Indochina 1960 Kennedy begins sending soldiers
to aid South Vietnam 1963 President Johnson
escalates involvement 1973 President Nixon
gradually begins pulling out troops
capital of North Vietnam
Ho Chin Minh Nationalist, Communist leader of
Viet Minh nationalist group Viet Cong guerrilla
fighters
capital of South Vietnam U.S. supports rule of
President Ngo Dinh Diem of South Vietnam
11
Cold War in Latin America
Crisis? Year? Soviet leader? U.S. leader?
Cuban Missile Crisis
1962
Nikita Khrushchev
John F. Kennedy
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Result Thawing outRelaxing Cold War tensions

• NPT - Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty signed by
  several countries
• Helsinki Accords - What agreements were reached?

The West recognized the post WW II borders of
Soviet Union which included Baltic States Soviet
Union agreed to respect human rights
13
Independence - Name the region?
Algerian Revolt 1954 Algerian Independence 1962
India - 1947
French President Charles deGaulle
Nationalist groups demanding independence in
Africa were made up of western educated, middle
class Africans and African veterans of Allied
armies
1949
Achmad Sukarno
Dutch East Indies Indonesia
What African nation became the 1st to win
independence?
Ghana
14
South Africa

• Policy of apartheid introduced by white minority
  government after WWII - racial segregation
• Explain how apartheid worked in South Africa?
• ANC - Nelson Mandela - imprisoned in 1964
• Mandela released in 1990
• When did South Africa gain its independence?
  Itll surprise you....

1910 - British allowed Dutch Boer rule
15
Latin America1945 - 1975

• Achieved independence in. . .
• Between this era seeking. . .
• Mexico - What did Revolution of 1910 accomplish?
  What did it not accomplish?
• U.S. intervenes in Guatemala in 1954 - coup takes
  elected leader out of power with CIA
  intervention. U.S. feared he was allying country
  to Soviet Union

1820s 1830s
economic independence
an end to peasant and urban poverty
Did the Cold War affect the politics of Latin
America? Explain how.
16
Latin America - Cuba

• Cuban Socialist Revolution of 1959 - economic and
  social reforms
• Before Revolution
• describe the rule of Fulgencio Batista
• explain U.S. involvement in the Cuban economy
• Revolution guerilla warfare - Argentinian Ernest
  Che Guevara - helps Castro
• After Revolution
• Property of foreigners and wealthy Cuban elites
  was seized and nationalized - redistribution of
  wealth - a command economy, allied with Soviet
  Union, single-party dictatorship established,
  censorship of dissidents, human rights violation,
  Cuban exiles in Miami
• Failed Bay of Pigs invasion by Cuban exiles -
  1961
• Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962 (remember....who
  were the two leaders involved?)
• Cuba is still a single-party dictatorship -
  slowly attempting to introduce capitalism

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Cold War and Independence
U.S.
U.S.S.R.
First-World Nations capitalist economy democratic
government
Second-World Nations command economy dictatorship
Third-World Countries nonaligned with either
superpower But. . . .included China Yugoslavia
Was this a concern for the U.S.? Why?
18
Nonaligned countries played both sides during the
Cold War
switched alliance when convenient, accepted aid
from both superpowers
What does this mean?
What country would be a good example?
Egypt
How?
Egypt accepted deal from U.S. to build the Aswan
Dam. . . while buying arms from Soviet Union at
the same time. Soviet Union ended up building dam
for Egypt.
What region are we discussing? What era?
19
Arab-Israeli Conflict 1945-75 and beyond

• 1948 State of Israel declared - Palestinians move
  to UN refugee camps in Jordan, Syria, Lebanon and
  Gaza Strip
• 1952 - Nasser ousts Egyptian king in a coup,
  Nasser is a Pan-Arab nationalist that
  nationalized the Suez Canal - If aligned, what
  side would he have chosen? He remains nonaligned
  but accepts aid from both sides.
• 1956 - U.K., France and Israel try to take back
  Suez Canal - U.N., U.S. and USSR stop them.
• 1956 - U.S. offers to build Aswan Dam on the Nile
  River to generate electricity for Egypt.
• 1967 - Six Day War - Israel preemptive attacks on
  Syrian and Egyptian air bases - expand its
  borders into Gaza Strip, Golan Heights and
  Jerusalem
• 1970 - Anwar al-Sadat becomes Egyptian leader
• 1973 - Yom Kippur War - Arab attack on Israel led
  by Egypt (using Soviet weapons) - UN steps in
• 1973 - Organization of Petroleum Exporting
  Countries (OPEC) formed in 1960 - embargo
  (prohibit) oil shipments to the U.S. to retaliate
  for U.S. support of Israel in Yom Kippur War
• 1977 - Camp David talks - diplomacy attempted,
  Muslim fundamentalist kills Sadat for betraying
  the Arab world by agreeing to talks with Israel
• non-governmental Arab representation PLO -
  Palestinian Liberation Organization led by Yasir
  Arafat (died 2004) - guerrilla warfare
• Extremism today - terrorism - more underground -
  transnational

What drove the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. to become
involved in the Arab-Israeli conflict of the
Middle East?
20
Economic Miracle

• Refers to the economic success of nations after
  WWII
• Japan benefited from the American military
  protection, which spared the government from high
  defense spendings. The same happened in West
  Germany, and both nations experienced tremendous
  economic growth in the postwar era. Referred to
  as the economic miracle

21
China1945 - 1975
Great Leap Forward 1958 - 1962
Goal?
industrialize China
Difference between Stalin and Maos form of
communism?
Cultural Revolution 1965-1971
Soviet communism focused on proletariat whereas
Maos communism focused on the peasantry.
collectivization backyard industries
The Red Guards were encouraged to lead purges
against bourgeois teachers, parents and
intellectuals
Was it successful?
30 million deaths by 1962
What region is China in?