Civil War

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Civil War
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Election of 1860

• Lincoln wins with just 40 of the popular vote
• 12/20/60 South Carolina secedes followed by MS,
  FL, AL, GA, LA, TX

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Order of secession
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A Nation Divided
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Inaugurations
2/18/1861 Inauguration of Jefferson Davis
3/4/1861 Inauguration of Abraham Lincoln
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War BeginsNaval Barrage

• Lincoln informs Confederacy that the North will
  resupply Fort Sumter
• 4/12/1861 Attack on Fort Sumter
• Beauregard(S) vs Anderson(N)bloodless opening of
  the war

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Fort Sumter surrenders after 34 hours
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All Traitors and Patriots

• Suggestion of all traitors and patriots
• 21 million people in North 9 million in South
  including 4 million slaves
• War is fought not over slavery but to preserve
  the Union

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Southern Strategy

• Robert E. Lee(S) believes
• that the war can be won if the
• South fights a defensive strategy
• No territory the size of the Confederacy has ever
  been conquered in all of Western history

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First Land Battle

• 7/21/1861 Battle of Manassas/Bull Run
• Citizens of Washington come out to watch
• Thomas Jackson(S) stands like a stone wall
• North goes on the Great Skedaddle
• The road is open to Washington D.C.

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Map of Bull Run to Washington D.C.
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New Leaders

• After Manassass, Winfield Scott resigns and is
  replaced by George B. McClellan(N) as commander
  of the Army of the Potomac
• McClellan(N) prepares army for possible peninsula
  campaign but does nothing to attack through the
  entire summer

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In with the New George B. McClellan
Out with the Old Winfield Scott
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Problems for Abraham Lincoln
Edwin Stanton
William Seward
Salmon P. Chase
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2/22/1862 Willie Lincoln dies
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Battle of Ironclads

• 3/8/1862 Monitor(N) vs. Merrimac(S) at
  Hampton Roads

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Ulysses S. Grant(N)

• 11/1861 takes casualties at Paducah, Kentucky
• 2/1862 victory at Forts Henry and Donelson in
  Tennessee

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McClellan refuses to fight

• McClellan(N) sits at siege of Yorktown 4/1862
• South sits with just 11,000 men

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Battle of Shiloh or Pittsburg Landing in
Tennessee4/6/1862

• Grant(N) vs Johnston(S)he dies and is replaced
  by Beauregard(S)
• Union offers resistance in the hornets nest
• Church, Peach Orchard, and sunken road
• South has to retreat on second day

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Afternoon
Morning
Next Day
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Casualties

• The Battle of Shiloh produced (officially) 23,746
  casualties out of 109,784 men engaged. The first
  large scale battle of the war, Shiloh's horrific
  casualty list took the North and South by
  surprise.

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Grant relieved

• Tremendous casualties13,047 (N) and 10,694 (S)
• Grant relieved after the
• battle
• Replaced by Halleck(N)

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Weapons

• Improvements in The Art of Death
• New inventions with 262 patents
• Rifled musket, new bullet, accurate shooting up
  to 250 yards
• Technology ahead of tactics

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Importance of Rivers

• Mississippi is key acquisition for the North
• Memphis falls

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Battle of Memphis
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David Faragutt(N)

• Faragutt captures New Orleans 4/17/1862
• Only Vicksburg remains in Southern hands

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McClellan still refuses to fight

• McClellan(N) just sits at Yorktown until May
• South slips away
• Union is now just 5 miles away from Richmond, VA
  (Southern capital)
• Lee(S) will not let Richmond fall

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European Recognition

• South hopes for European recognition to help with
  their military needs
• Why Britain doesnt recognize Confederacy
• France is waiting until Britain decides what to do

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Benjamin Butler(N)

• First to refer to Negroes
• as Contraband
• Benjamin Butler(N) becomes
• Military Governor of
• New Orleans
• Butler(N) issues Order
• No. 28 which is offensive
• to women

Spoons Butler
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Negroes in military service were used for labor
initially
Negro Teamsters
Negro soldiers collecting bones of soldiers
killed in the war
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Possible emancipation

• Lincoln contemplates emancipation
• Considers the use of Liberia
• Understands that he needs to consider the border
  states before drafting an emancipation
  proclamation

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Border States
Which border state is missing?
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The Seven Days 6/25-7/1/62

• Robert E. Lee(S) together with Jeb Stuart(S) work
  to
• unnerve McClellan(N)

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2
1
3
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John Pope

• Lincoln replaces McClellan(N) with Pope(N) as
• commander of the Army of Virgina

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2nd Bull Run/2nd Manassass

• Longstreet(S) sends in 5 divisions against
  Pope(N) 8/29/62
• 25,000 casualties
• At this point the North Carolina regiment digs in
  as if they have tar on their heels
• Lincoln replaces Pope(N) with McClellan(N)

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2nd Battle of Manassass/2nd Bull Run
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Lee moves to the North

• Confederates move into Maryland
• Lees battle plans are left behind
• Leads to the Battle of Antietam

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Movements leading to the Battle of Antietam
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9/1862 Battle of Antietam

• Hooker(N) advances at 600am
• Hood(S) counters
• By 1000am 8000 lay dead or wounded
• Burnside(N) attempts to take bridge
• A.P. Hill(S) arrives to reinforce position
• Lee is forced to slip away by the end of the day

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Battle of Antietam deadMatthew Brady
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Battle of Antietam

• North holds the field at the end of the day so it
  is a Northern victory
• McClellan(N) refuses to chase after Lee(S) so
  Lincoln replaces him again
• General Burnside(N) takes
• command of the
• Army of the Potomac

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Lincoln and McClellan meet after Antietam
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Lincoln and McClellan at Antietam
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Clara Barton

• Clara Barton (founder of American Red Cross fame)
  is there to care for the wounded
• Matthew Brady is there to photograph the dead

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Matthew Brady as a young man
Bradys crew outside of Petersburg VA
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Emancipation Proclamation

• Victory at Battle of Antietam allows Lincoln to
  issue the Emancipation Proclamation
• Frees the slaves only in the secessionist
  states
• Effective on Jan. 1, 1863

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Emancipation Proclamation

• Issuing the Proclamation makes it impossible for
  Europe to recognize the Confederacy
• Turns the war into a moral issue

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Arming Men of Color

• Frederick Douglas suggests arming the slaves
• Massachusetts 54th (the story of the movie Glory)
• Robert Gould Shaw

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Monuments to the Fighting 54th
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Grant Returns

• Grant(N) is back in command in the Western
  campaign
• Western campaign focuses on gaining control of
  the Mississippi River
• Grant lays siege to Vicksburg

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Fredricksburg, VA

• Burnside(N) does battle at Fredricksburg, VA
  12/1862
• 9000 Union troops killed

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Fighting Joe Hooker

• Burnside(N) blunders and is
• replaced by
• Fighting Joe Hooker(N)

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Problems in the Confederacy

• Jefferson Davis has problems with Southern states
  which lead to problems with the overall Southern
  economy
• Rampant Inflation
• Army Concerns

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Battle of Chancellorsville

• Hooker(N) leads through the Wilderness at the
  Battle of Chancellorsville 5/1863
• Pyrrhic victory for the South regarding Stonewall
  Jackson(S)

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Southern dead on the Sunken Road--Chancellorsville
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Union command

• Hooker out after Battle of Chancellorsville
• He is replaced by General George Gordon Meade

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Change in Southern battle strategy

• Lee(S) decides to bring the war to the Northno
  longer fighting a defensive war

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Lee moves to the North
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• Lee moves into Pennsylvania toward the small town
  of Gettysburg

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Battle of Gettysburg July1,2 and 31863

• Shoe factory located in center of town
• Both sides send parties into town to look for
  shoes
• They clash in center of townneither side knew
  where the other was
• The Northern army is to the south of the Southern
  position

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Battle of Gettysburg July1,2 and 31863

• Key points of interest during the first two days
• Big and Little Round Top
• Devils Den

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Battle of Gettysburg
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On Little Round Top looking toward Big Round Top,
the two hills at the southern end of Cemetery
Ridge.
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Devil's Den with dead Confederates
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Battle of Gettysburg July1,2 and 31863

• Picketts Charge is plan for day 3
• Abysmal failure
• Pickett(S) holds Lee(S) personally responsible
• Lee(S) offers to resign

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Picketts Charge
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"General, I have no division..."-Major General
George Edward Pickett to General Lee at
GettysburgJuly 3, 1863
The High Water Mark and Angle in 1870-72. This
view from the Emmitsburg Road shows the ground
over which Garnett's brigade charged to reach the
Angle and Cushing's guns.
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Battle of Gettysburg July1,2 and 31863

• Meade(N) doesnt realize how devastated the South
  is after Gettysburg
• Again a Union commander neglects to follow up on
  a victory

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Siege at Vicksburg

• Vicksburg falls the day after the Battle of
  Gettysburg 7/4/1863
• The Union and the Mississippi now go unvexed to
  the sea

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Vicksburg FallsJuly 4, 1863
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Conscription

• Lincoln calls for an expansion of the draft
• Hordes of Irish immigrants coming off the boats
  in New York City are enlisted while still on the
  docks
• Leads to major protests throughout New York City
  and across the North

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Conscription

• Ways to avoid the draft
• Bounty
• Bounty Jumping
• Rich mans war, a poor mans fight

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Draft Riots in New York City 120 killed, 2000
injured
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Gettysburg Address

• Lincoln asked to say a few words at the
  dedication of a cemetery at Gettysburg, PA
• Four Score and seven years ago,
• Reasserts the Cause of American Democracy

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Gettysburg Address
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Gettysburg Addresspage two
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Arming of Men of Color

• Lincoln decides to raise an army of black militia
• Contraband regiments had only been used for
  Labor battalions
• Digging Latrines, Ditches,
• Graves, Roads etc.
• Negro soldiers will be allowed to fight
• The Story of the movie Glory

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Negroes in military service were used for labor
initially
Negro Teamsters
Negro soldiers collecting bones of soldiers
killed in the war
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Negro Soldiers in Civil WarHarpers Weekly
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Grant takes command

• Grant(N) becomes General of the Army of the
  Potomac
• Sherman(N) replaces Grant(N) in the western and
  southern campaigns

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Wilderness Campaign

• Grant(N) tries to track down Lee(S) in the VA
  wilderness
• A series of battles ensues known as the
  Wilderness Campaign
• J.E.B. Stuart(S) killed in one of these battles

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Cold Harbor

• Battle which comes at the end of the Wilderness
  Campaign
• Tremendous casualties 7,000 men in 7 minutes
• Worst day of the war so far
• However, Grant continues on

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Petersburg, VA

• After the Wilderness Campaign it leads to Grant
  laying siege at Petersburg, VA
• Petersburg is just outside of Richmond, VA, the
  Southern capital

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Medical Concerns

• Ghastly problems of health care
• Joseph Lister
• Role of women
• Clara Barton
• Dorothea Dix
• Mother Bickerdyke
• Sherman(N) said she outranks me

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Open field surgery as an amputation is performed
at a Union hospital tent
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Mother Bickerdyke
Clara Barton
Dorothea Dix
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William Tecumseh Sherman

• Sherman(N) pushes through the
• South to Atlanta, GA
• Nathan Bedford Forest(S)

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Election of 1864

• In the midst of the war, a presidential election
  is held
• Lincoln needs battle victories to convince the
  voters to continue fighting
• McClellan believes that the country is against
  the war
• Uses his stall tactics as reason why soldiers
  would vote for him

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Election of 1864

• Election becomes a referendum on the war

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(No Transcript)
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The Crater

• Burnside(N) outside Petersburg, VA
• Decides to build a tunnel under the Southern
  position and fill it with explosives
• Burnside(N) expects that when he attacks and
  detonates the explosives the Southern position
  will be destroyed
• Instead the blast creates a crater that both
  North and South must fight to get out of

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170 feet long, 60 to 80 feet wide, and 30 feet
deep.
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The Plan
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Naval Battle

• Faragutt(N) wins at Mobile Bay
• Damn the torpedoes, full speed ahead

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Sherman enters Atlanta

• Sherman(N) enters Atlanta 8/31/1864
• Begins his March to the Sea
• War is all Hell

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Shermans March to the Sea
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Confederate Reprisals

• Confederate reprisals to Shermans actions in GA
  take place in New York City
• South trying to convince Northerners to reject
  the war

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Andersonville

• Along the way Union troops liberate the terrible
  Southern P.O.W. camp at Andersonville
• Strengthens the Union soldiers to fight on

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41,000 prisoners, 12,913 die
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A Union soldier described his entry into the
prison camp

• "As we entered the place, a spectacle met our
  eyes that almost froze our blood with horror, and
  made our hearts fail within us. Before us were
  forms that had once been active and
  erectstalwart men, now nothing but mere walking
  skeletons, covered with filth and vermin. Many of
  our men, in the heat and intensity of their
  feeling, exclaimed with earnestness. "Can this be
  hell?" "God protect us!" and all thought that He
  alone could bring them out alive from so terrible
  a place. In the center of the whole was a swamp,
  occupying about three or four acres of the
  narrowed limits, and a part of this marshy place
  had been used by the prisoners as a sink, and
  excrement covered the ground, the scent arising
  from which was suffocating. The ground allotted
  to our ninety was near the edge of this
  plague-spot, and how we were to live through the
  warm summer weather in the midst of such fearful
  surroundings, was more than we cared to think of
  just then.

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Sherman Begins North

• Sherman(N) captures Savannah, GA
• Begins North to retake Charleston, SC and Fort
  Sumter

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Lincolns Reelection

• Lincoln wins reelection
• Lincolns 2nd Inauguration 4/3/1865
• Jon Wilkes Boothe is there

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Fall of Richmond

• Lincoln arrives in Richmond to
• survey the city 4/3/1865

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Surrender

• Grant(N) receives Lees(S) surrender at
  Appamattox Courthouse, VA
• Wilbur MacLean--"The Civil War began in my
  backyard and ended in my front parlor."

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Jon Wilkes Boothe

• Original plan is to kidnap Lincoln and hold him
  for ransom (generous conditions for a Southern
  victory)
• Present at 2nd Inauguration
• After defeat of Confederacy, Boothe now wants to
  kill Lincoln

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Our American Cousin

• Lincoln and Mary are to attend Fords theatre for
  a production 4/14/1865
• Lincoln is unable to find theatre guests
• Boothe attacks during the 2nd act
• Runs from the theatre and is chased to a barn in
  the countryside 4/26/1865

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Boothes Flight
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Costs of War

• 3.5 million went to war
• 620,000 casualties
• ¼ of all Southern men casualties
• 4 million slaves freedbut is it freedom?