Anatomy

1
Anatomy

• The build of the human body
• Subassemblies of interest in ergonomics
• spine
• structure figures 4.1-4.5
• potential injuries figures 4.6-4.7
• upper extremities
• figures 4.8-4.15
• lower extremities
• figure 4.17
• joints, cartilage ligaments, and tendons
• figures 4.18-4.19

2
In-Class Exercise 1

• Complete the following table

Subassembly potential cause(s) of injury
spine
upper extremities
lower extremities
joints, cartilage ligaments, and tendons
3
Biomechanics

• Lever systems
• 1st class levers
• What design guidelines can we take away from
  this?

• 2nd class levers

• 3rd class levers

4
Factors affecting force capabilities

• Posture
• Individual differences
• Gender
• Age
• Training

5
Work Physiology

• Cardiovascular system

(see, also, fig. 4.25, pg. 47)
http//www.biologyinmotion.com/cardio/
6
Work Physiology

• Heart rate and blood pressure
• Cardiac Output, CO HR (SV)
• Resting (young male) CO ____________
• Max CO ____________
• Athlete CO ____________
• Blood pressure
• New standards recently released
• Interested in the ratio (systolic/diastolic) and
  the diastolic pressure.

7
Work Physiology

• Metabolism
• Sum of all processes by which energy is produced
  and substances are organized in the body.

Total Metabolic rate Basal
metabolism Activity (work)
metabolism Digestion metabolism
8
Work Physiology

• Metabolism
• Basal metabolism
• Activity (work) metabolism
• Digestion metabolism

9
Work Physiology In-class Exercise

2. A 6 ft tall, 175 pound man lifts 30 lbs 10 times
   a minute in his job. Using the formulas given in
   chapter 4 of your book, determine the mans
   metabolic rate at work. What is the metabolic
   cost of the lifting job?
3. A 175 pound man is doing heavy carpentry work.
   What is the metabolic cost (i.e., increase in
   metabolic rate) associated with this job? What
   is the mans overall metabolic rate at work?
4. List the potential effects of age, gender, and
   physical condition on a persons ability to
   perform the job described for Group 1.

10
Work Physiology In-class Exercise

• Form new groups and compare your results. Each
  member is responsible for teaching the others in
  the group the approach used and results obtained
  in part 1.
• As a group, address the following
• The job described in part 1 is to be redefined so
  that a variety of people can perform it. How
  might you decide on the weight to be lifted, its
  frequency, and the effect on, for instance, older
  female workers? Give an example of one such
  worker and how different lifting requirements
  would affect her metabolic and heart rates.

11
Response to Exercise

• For light to medium loads, heart rate is a good
  predictor of metabolic rate, except under
• Emotional stress, especially for lower metabolic
  rate
• Heat, if not acclimatized
• Heavy exercise, which causes other cardiovascular
  responses
• Predicting increases in heart rate
• INCHR K 0.12 INCMET K
• See fig 4.26, pg. 54

12
Measuring Maximal Oxygen Uptake

• Source Bosun Ajayi, A real time feedback control
  of oxygen uptake during moderate treadmill
  exercise, Department of Mechanical Engineering,
  University of Glasgow, http//www.mech.gla.ac.uk/
  Research/Colloquia/Abstract.html?AbstractID225

13
Measuring Maximal Oxygen Uptake

• Other methods
• Step test
• Timed run
• Distance run
• Empirical estimates based on fitness levels
• Table 4.8, pg. 55
• Female 75 of male

14
What is Reasonable for Work?

• Proportion of capacity
• In general, no more than ___________ of max for
  trained and ______ for untrained workers
• For lifting, _________ or ________ depending on
  how measured.
• Based on shift length
• _________ 8 hr
• __________ 12 hr
• _________ 10 hr

15
What Affects Capacity?

• Gender
• Age
• Training