State, Church and Nobility, Part 1

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State, Church and Nobility,Part 1

• Henry II of England v. Thomas Becket

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The Church v. State Divide

• Attempt to reorganize in 12-13c.
• Centralization and legitimacy
• Attempt by church to regain control of church
  offices (investiture)
• State interests can be divided
• Nobles
• King
• Todays example England

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Henry I (1100-1135) the good clerk

• Professional judiciary
• Itinerant justices
• Establishes exchequer for royal finances
• Money kept in central location
• Accounts kept (pipe rolls)
• At his death, civil war between his daughter,
  Matilda, and his nephew Stephen

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Pipe roll account
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Coin of Matilda
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Henry II (1154-1189)

• Grandson of Henry I (mom, Matilda dad, Geoffrey
  le Bel of Anjou)
• Establishes the jury system Anglo-Saxon
  practices, Norman system
• Including Grand Jury people v. defendant
• Beginning of common law
• Get all legal practices under same umbrella

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Thomas a Becket (d. 1169)

• Childhood friend of Henry II, made Chancellor of
  England, then Archbishop of Canterbury
• 1164 Constitutions of Clarendon
• Bishops do homage to King
• Clerks accused of crimes to be tried by both
  church and royal courts (double jeopardy)
• Bishops not allowed to appeal to Pope

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Henry II and Becket, from a contemporary
manuscript
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Thomas and Henry

• Becket challenges Constitutions
• 1169, Henry became exasperated
• Four knights go to Canterbury and murder Becket
• Immediately sainted (1173)
• Henry forced to revoke portions of the
  Constitutions of Clarendon

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Casket thought to have held Beckets relics
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12th century issues

• Gregorian reforms v. government centralization
• Nature of justice
• Nature of kingship
• Primacy of papacy v. secular government