Chapter 21 Part 7

1
Chapter 21Part 7

• The French Revolution
• Napoleon

2
The Empire Period 1804-1814

• December 2, 1804 Napoleon crowned himself
  hereditary emperor at Notre Dame
• The Pope was there but did not do the
  crowningWhy Not?
• He was looking to thwart any plans that the
  royalists might have to return to power
• He believed that an empire was necessary for
  France to expand maintain its influence in
  Europe

3
Napoleon

• Saw himself as a liberatorfreeing foreign
  peoples from oppressive absolutist rulers
• BUT his dominance over other nations will inspire
  the rise of nationalism which eventually will
  lead to his downfall

4
The Grand Empire

• Napoleon will be at war constantly beginning in
  1805
• Napoleon will create the largest empire since
  Roman timesbut it was temporary
• The Empire extended from the Rhine, included
  Holland and present-day Belgium, the German coast
  to the western Baltic, and the Italian coast to
  Rome

5
Nepotism

• Napoleon placed his favorites on the thrones of
  dependent satellite kingdoms
• Brother, Joseph, became King of Spain
• Brother, Jerome, became King of Westphalia
• Brother, Louis, became King of Holland (6 yrs.)
  until it was incorporated into France
• His sister, Caroline, became Queen of Naples

6
The Empire

• He will consolidate the German States and create
  the Confederation of the Rhine
• Napoleons step-son ruled Lombardy, Venice, and
  Papal states
• He decided not to unify Italy to prevent a future
  threat

7
Napoleon

• Abolished Feudalism and reformed the social,
  political, and economic institutions in conquered
  areas
• All countries of the Grand Empire gained some of
  the main principles of the French Revolution
• BUT no self-government

8
At First

• Napoleon was supported by the commercial and
  professional classes who supported the
  Enlightenment
• BUT his oppression and exploitation eventually
  turned the conquered people against him

9
What oppression?

• Conscription into the French army
• High taxes (while taxes in France were lowered)
• The Continental System Berlin and Milan Decrees
• Most believed that Napoleon ended up betraying
  the ideals of the French Revolution

10
The War of the Third Coalition1805-1807

• The Third Coalition Britain, Austria, Russia
• After Napoleon conquered Italy, Austria was
  concerned about the threat to the balance of
  power in Europe
• As early as 1803 Napoleon began plans to invade
  England

11
1805

• The Battle of Trafalgar The combined French and
  Spanish fleets were defeated by the British navy
  (Horatio Nelson was killed here)
• Planned invasion of Britain was no longer
  possible
• The Battle of Austerlitz in Moravia. Alexander
  I pulled Russian troops out and Austria was
  forced to give up much territory in exchange for
  peace

12
The Third Coalition Collapsed

• Napoleon now had western and central Europe
• He had the Arc de Triomphe built in 1806 to
  commemorate his victory at Austerlitz
• During Roman times, Caesars would build an arch
  to commemorate their victories

13
The Arc de Triomphe
14
1806

• Napoleon defeated Prussia twice at the Battle of
  Jena and the Battle of Auerstadt
• By 1807 Alexander I of Russia sought peace terms

15
The Treaty of Tilsit 1807

• Prussia ceded land to France (included ½ of
  Prussias population)
• Russia accepted Napoleons dominance of Western
  and Central Europe
• Russia agreed to accept Napoleons Continental
  System (Russia thus allied with France against
  England)

16
The Reorganization of Germany

• The Confederation of the Rhine Napoleon
  consolidated the 300 sovereign states into 15
• Did not include Austria, Prussia or Saxony
• Napoleon named himself Protector of the
  Confederation
• The HRE was abolished

17
French Foreign Policy Undone!

• Napoleon will inspire German Nationalism through
  his dominance and repression AND they were now
  less divided than before

18
The Continental System

• To wage economic warfare against Britain
• Both Countries came to a stalemate in 1805 with
  the Battles of Trafalgar and Austerlitz
• Both decided to starve each other out
• The Brits had the orders in Council (2) in 1806
• The French had the Continental System the
  Berlin and Milan Decrees

19
The Berlin Decree

• Napoleon closed continents ports to British
  ships
• He had coerced Russia, Prussia, Spain, (neutral)
  Denmark, and Portugal to adhere to the Berlin
  Decree
• Brits responded with The Orders in Council
  Closing ports under British control to French
  trade and Neutral ships would be confiscated if
  they were on the way to trade with the continent

20
The Milan Decree

• Neutral ships on the way to Britain, on the way
  back from Britain, or having been boarded by the
  Brits at sea was subject to confiscation
• Both the Brits and the French violated U.S.
  neutral rights at sea. Eventually led to the War
  of 1812 Brits v the U.S. while the Brits were
  still fighting the French

21
The Continental System

• Caused hardship in Europe and resentment against
  Napoleon
• Imports from America were in much demand
• European industries could not produce like the
  Brits did
• The Continental System was impossible to maintain

22
The Continental System

• Many of the European Bourgeoisie were ruined as a
  result of the lack of trade
• Eastern Europeans who had little industry of
  their own were especially hard hit
• Many could not honor their agreements with
  Napoleon as to supporting his Continental Sys.

23
The Peninsular War 1808-1814

• Portugal violated the Continental System and had
  to be taught a lesson
• Napoleon sent an army through Spain to get to
  Portugal
• The Spanish resented their King (Napoleons
  brother) and Napoleons domination

24
The Peninsular War

• The Spanish waged a guerrilla war against French
  troops. All classes involved
• The Brits sent the Duke of Wellington with troops
  to aid the Spanish
• The Peninsular War was the first great revolt
  against Napoleons power

25
As the fighting in Spain continued

• Napoleon turned against Russia
• But first, married Marie Louise (18)
• She was the daughter of the Austrian emperor and
  the niece of Marie Antionette
• So, Napoleon was now nephew (by marriage) of
  Louis XVI and he began to show more consideration
  to the nobility of the Old Regime

26
The Russian Campaign 1812

• Napoleon invaded Russia in June of 1812 with an
  army of 600,000.
• Only 2/3 of his army was French
• The Russians had withdrawn from the Continental
  System due to economic hardship

27
The Battle of Borodino 1812

• Ended in a draw with the Russians retreating in
  good order
• The Russians used a scorched earth tactic
• As they retreated further into the Russian
  interior, they destroyed EVERYTHING so that the
  enemy army could not feed itself or even keep
  warmthey even burned Moscow down!

28
After 5 weeks

• Napoleon was forced to retreat from Moscow
• Napoleon returned to France with only 30,000!
• 400,000 had died in battle or starved or froze to
  death
• 100,000 had been taken prisoner

29
And then

• Napoleon, in France, raised another army
  600,000 strong
• At the same time, Austria and Prussia deserted
  Napoleon and joined Russia and England in the
  Fourth Coalition
• Alsoremember the Treaty of Ghent?

30
The War of the Fourth Coalition

• 1813-1814
• The Battle of Leipzig October 1813
• AKA The Battle of Nations
• The largest battle in world history until the
  20th century
• Napoleon lost 500,000 but refused to accept peace
  terms offered by Austrian minister, Metternich

31
The Frankfort Proposals

• The Peace offer was generous
• France to be reduced to its boundaries of 1792
  and Napoleon could remain on the throne
• Since Napoleon refused to give up, Britain,
  Russia, Prussia, Austria formed the Quadruple
  Alliance in March 1814

32
April 4, 1814

• Allied armies entered Paris
• Napoleon abdicated
• The Bourbons were restored to the French throne

33
Louis XVIII

• Brother of Louis XVI
• The new king issued a constitution for the French
• Called the Charter of 1814
• The first constitution in European history issued
  by a monarch
• Provided for a constitutional monarchy

34
The Charter of 1814

• Maintained most of Napoleons reforms
• The Code Napoleon
• The Concordat of 1801 (with the Church)
• The abolition of feudalism

35
The First Treaty of Paris

• May 30, 1814
• France surrendered all territory gained since
  1792
• No indemnities or reparations were imposed (they
  WERE proposed but Louis XVIII refused to pay so
  they let it go)
• Napoleon was exiled to Elbe as a sovereign with
  an income from France
• The Quadruple Alliance agreed to meet in Vienna
  to work out a general peace settlement

36
The Congress of Vienna

• Sept. 1814-June 1815
• The Big Four Austria, England, Russia, Prussia
• What did they want?

37
England

• Represented by Lord Castlereagh
• Wanted to surround France with larger and
  stronger states in order to maintain the balance
  of power

38
Prussia

• Wanted to get back the land lost to France in
  1805 and wanted additional territory in northern
  Germany (Saxony)

39
Austria

• Klemens von Metternich very conservative
• Was opposed to liberal and reformed ideas because
  the impact of such ideas on Austria would be
  devastating
• NOTE Austria would be particularly vulnerable
  to nationalistic movements because of the many
  different ethnicities in the Empire

40
Russia

• Czar Alexander I
• Demanded a free and independent Polandwith
  himself as king!

41
A bit later

• France became involved in the deliberations
• Was represented by minister Tallyrand
• (remember the XYZ Affair?)

42
The Dancing Congress

• Much pageantry, parties, balls, banquets
• First to keep the junior diplomats busy and out
  of the way
• Also to win support for the peace settlement from
  the general populationthey loved broohaha

43
The Principles of Settlement

• Legitimacy
• Compensation
• Balance of Power

44
Legitimacy

• Restore the deposed ruling families to power
• Bourbons restored to France, Spain, Naples
• Dynasties restored in Holland, Sardinia, Tuscany,
  Modena
• Papal states were restored to the Pope

45
Compensation

• Rewards in the form of territory to those states
  who sacrificed to defeat Napoleon
• England got naval bases Malta, Ceylon, Cape of
  Good Hope
• Austria recovered Lombardy (in Italy) and got
  Venetia, Galicia (part of Poland), and Illyrian
  Provinces along the Adriatic

46
Compensation continued

• Russia was given most of Poland (the Czar was
  King) and Finland and Bessarabia (Moldova) and
  western Ukraine
• Prussia was given the Rhineland, 3/5 of Saxony
  and part of Poland
• Sweden got Norway

47
Balance of Power

• The effort to arrange territory so that never
  again would one power threaten the Balance of
  power
• Encirclement of France Gave the Austrian
  Netherlands to Holland to form the Kingdom of the
  United Netherlands to the north of France

48
The Balance of Power continued

• Prussia received Rhenish lands bordering the
  eastern French frontier (the left bank of the
  Rhine)
• Switzerland was guaranteed perpetual neutrality
• The HRE was NOT restored BUT the German States
  were reorganized once again

49
The German Confederation

• AKA the Bundnow to 39 states
• With Austria the President of the Diet (assembly)
  of the Confederation
• Maintained most of Napoleons reorganization
• A loose confederationthe states were sovereign

50
Sardinia

• Had its former territory restored with the
  addition of Genoa

51
Britain

• The only country to remain a growing power
• Began their century of world leadership here
  (1814) lasted to the end of WWI (1918)