A New Nation and State Grows

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A New Nation and State Grows

• America and North Carolina
• 1790s-1840s

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The Nation
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1789

• GEORGE WASHINGTON
• BECOMES FIRST PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES
  1789-1796
• Whiskey Rebellion 1791-1794
• First political parties
• 1. Federalists believed in strong national
  government controlled by the wealthy elite
• 2. Democratic-Republicans believed in a
  limited national government run by all men.

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1789

• FRENCH REVOLUTION BEGINS
• NOBILITY IS DRIVEN FROM POWER AND MANY ARE
  EXECUTED
• Neutrality Proclamation America will not get
  involved in European conflicts

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1790

• WASHINGTON DC ESTABLISHED AS CAPITAL OF UNITED
  STATES, REPLACING NEW YORK

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1791

• FIRST BANK OF THE UNITED STATES ESTABLISHED
• Alexander Hamilton
• Government could deposit money and make loans to
  business
• National Mint government could print money

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1796

• JOHN ADAMS ELECTED 2ND PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED
  STATES
• XYZ Affair 1798 French wanted bribes to
  negotiate with America led to undeclared war
• Alien and Sedition Acts 1798 allowed the
  President to deport foreign citizens and made it
  illegal to criticize government policies.

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1800

• Thomas Jefferson elected 3rd President of the US
• LOUISIANA PURCHASE - 1803
• US BUYS MIDDLE THIRD OF NORTH AMERICA FROM FRANCE
  FOR 15 MILLION
• Lewis and Clark Expedition 1804-1806
  Meriwether Lewis/William Clark, Sacagawea
• Pikes Expedition 1806 Zebulon Pike

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Meriwether Lewis
William Clark
Sacagawea
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1812-14

• WAR OF 1812 BETWEEN US AND ENGLAND
• FOUGHT OVER BORDER DISPUTES, TRADE PROBLEMS, AND
  IMPRESSMENT
• President James Madison
• Andrew Jackson best General for the US
• US WINS

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1823

• Florida added in 1819
• Missouri Compromise 1820 Henry Clay
• MONROE DOCTRINE James Monroe
• STATES THAT US WILL NOT PERMIT EUROPEAN NATIONS
  TO COLONIZE OR INTERFERE WITH THE AMERICAS

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Missouri Compromise
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1828

• ANDREW JACKSON BECOMES SEVENTH PRESIDENT OF THE
  UNITED STATES
• Nullification Crisis

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1820s-1860s Westward Expansion

• Manifest Destiny
• Oregon Trail
• Santa Fe Trail
• Immigrants moved west following these trails to
  settle in California, Oregon and other western
  areas.
• Donner Party

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1830

• INDIAN REMOVAL ACT
• AUTHORIZED THE REMOVAL OF ALL INDIANS EAST OF THE
  MISSISSIPPI TO RESERVATIONS IN THE WEST

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Texas Independence 1836

• Texas becomes an independent country, breaking
  away from Mexico joins the US in 1845
• Battle of the Alamo

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1838-39

• TRAIL OF TEARS
• US ARMY MOVES CHEROKEE INDIAN TRIBE TO OKLAHOMA
• 25 OF THE TRIBE DIES DURING THE JOURNEY

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War with Mexico 1846-1848

• United States defeats Mexico in war
• Gains all of the Southwest part of America
  California, New Mexico, Arizona, Utah, parts of
  Texas

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California Gold Rush - 1849

• Thousands of people head to California after gold
  is discovered in 1848
• California has tremendous population growth
  leads to Compromise of 1850

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THE SOUTH AND COTTON

• COTTON BECOMES THE MAJOR CASH CROP OF THE
  SOUTHERN STATES
• 1793 COTTON GIN INVENTED BY ELI WHITNEY
• Scientific agriculture
• COTTON BELT SOUTH CAROLINA TO EAST TEXAS
• SLAVE TRADE HAD BEEN OUTLAWED IN 1808

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Cotton Gin
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• Triangle Trade
• Going to Europe Raw materials
• Going to Africa trade goods
• Going to America Slaves
• (Middle Passage)
• Usually, one-third to one-half of
• the slaves would die on the voyage

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Cotton Belt
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COTTON CONTINUED

• MOST COTTON WAS SHIPPED TO EUROPE, ESPECIALLY
  ENGLAND
• Cotton production discouraged the growth of
  Southern industry
• ABOUT ONE THIRD OF SOUTHERN WHITES WERE
  SLAVEOWNERS. ONLY 25 OF THAT COUNTED AS
  PLANTERS(OWNERS OF MORE THAN 20 SLAVES)
• Yeomen - small farmers
• 1860 3 to 4 MILLION BLACK SLAVES IN SOUTH
• 250,000 free blacks in the South

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Slavery Begins in America

• 1517 Atlantic Slave Trade begins Spain
  imports slaves from Africa to Central and South
  America (Native Americans were tried first)
• Between 1517 and 1808, over 20 million people are
  taken from West Africa. Half did not survive to
  reach America
• 1619 First Africans arrive in Jamestown,
  Virginia indentured servants
• Slaves were viewed as necessary for the Souths
  agricultural economy.

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The Middle Passage

• Most slaves were kidnapped by African slavers or
  sold to slave traders by the tribal kings
• Most were sent to Seasoning Camps first
• Triangle Trade three-part voyage
• 1. Europe to Africa guns, textiles,
  manufactured goods
• 2. Africa to America Middle Passage slaves
  to America - 6 to 8 weeks
• 3. America to Europe sugar, tobacco, cotton
  etc.

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The Middle Passage

• Slave ships typically carried between 100 to 300
  slaves, both men and women
• Most slaves were between the ages of 12 and 30
• Conditions on the trip were horrific. Anywhere
  from 10 to 50 of the slaves would not survive
  the trip
• Slave Auctions slaves were sold anywhere
  between 200 and 2500 usually

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Graph for Loading slaves Aboard ship
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SLAVERY

• SLAVES DID MANY DIFFERENT JOBS, BUT WERE MOSTLY
  COMMONLY USED FOR AGRICULTURE
• HOUSE SLAVES
• FIELD SLAVES
• GANG LABOR
• OVERSEERS
• DRIVERS SLAVE FOREMAN

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SLAVERY CONTINUED

• SLAVES WERE PROPERTY, NOT PEOPLE
• SLAVES COULD NOT LEGALLY TRAVEL OR BE TAUGHT TO
  READ OR WRITE
• SLAVE FAMILIES WERE FREQUENTLY SPLIT UP
• PHYSICAL PUNISHMENT WAS COMMON

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SLAVERY CONTINUED

• RELIGION WAS USED TO SUPPORT SLAVERY
• SLAVES TRIED TO KEEP THEIR CULTURE THROUGH
  FOLKTALES AND SPIRITUALS
• 1831 NAT TURNERS REBELLION
• Slave rebellions were the biggest fear for white
  southerners

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Underground Railroad

• 1830s escape system set up by free Blacks,
  escaped slaves, white abolitionists, and
  religious groups (Quakers)
• Harriet Tubman, Harriet Jacobs
• 1810-1850 40,000 slaves escaped using the
  Underground Railroad

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Frederick Douglass

• Escaped slave
• Taught himself to read and write
• Became leading abolitionist and speaker

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Abolition

• Abolition complete end to slavery
• Emancipation to free from slavery
• Abolition groups religious groups, Quakers,
  Transcendentalists
• Not all abolitionists agreed on what to do

• 1817 American Colonization Society group to
  send freed slaves to Liberia
• Robert Finley
• Theodore Dwight Weld
• David Walker
• William Lloyd Garrison published the Liberator,
  founded the American Anti-slavery Society in 1833.

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Abolition Leaders
William Lloyd Garrison
David Walker
Angelina and Sarah Grimke
Theodore Dwight Weld
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Opposition to Abolition

• Most Northern whites were opposed to Abolition
• Many worried that freed slaves would take their
  jobs
• The U.S. government ignored the issue as much as
  possible

• Southern whites believed that slavery was vital
  for their economy
• Did not want outsiders interfering
• Believed that blacks were better off
• Drove most southern abolitionists out

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• NORTH VS. SOUTH
• INDUSTRIES AND SOCIETY

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INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

• TIME PERIOD BEGINNING IN MID 1700S WHEN PEOPLE
  BEGAN TO FOCUS ON USE OF MACHINES TO HELP SPEED
  UP MANUFACTURING AND PRODUCTION
• BEGAN IN ENGLAND TEXTILE INDUSTRY
• TECHNOLOGY TOOLS AND MACHINERY USED TO PRODUCE
  GOODS

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NEW METHODS

• MASS PRODUCTION
• MAKING OF LARGE NUMBERS OF IDENTICAL GOODS

• INTERCHANGEABLE PARTS
• SYSTEM IN WHICH EACH PARTICULAR PART OF A PRODUCT
  WOULD BE MADE EXACTLY THE SAME WAY

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FACTORY WORKERS

• MANY WOMEN Lowell System
• SMALL CHILDREN Rhode Island System
• MANY EMPLOYEES WORKED LONG SHIFTS DOING DANGEROUS
  JOBS FOR LOW PAY AND BENEFITS
• LABOR UNIONS WORKERS ORGANIZATIONS TO GET
  BETTER PAY AND CONDITIONS strikes and law suits

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TRANSPORTATION REVOLUTION

• PERIOD DURING THE EARLY 1800S IN WHICH
  TRANSPORTATION IN THE US WAS RAPIDLY IMPROVED
• STEAM POWER Robert Fulton
• BOATS AND LOCOMOTIVES
• 30,000 MILES OF RAILROAD IN US BY 1860
• 1st transcontinental line finished in 1861

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COMMUNICATION

• 1832 SAMUEL MORSE INVENTS TELEGRAPH
• ENABLED MESSAGES TO BE SENT INSTANTLY
• Morse Code
• 1844 1st message sent between two locations

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AGRICULTURAL AND HOME IMPROVEMENTS

• STEEL PLOW 1837 JOHN DEERE
• MECHANICAL REAPER CYRUS MCCORMICK BEGAN TO BE
  MASS-PRODUCED IN 1850S

• SEWING MACHINE 1846 ELIAS HOWE AND ISSAC
  SINGER
• ICEBOXES 1830S
• IRON COOKSTOVES
• CLOCKS
• INDOOR PLUMBING

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Reform Era Study Guide

• Chapter 13

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Religious Revival

• 2nd Great Awakening
• 1790s-1830s
• Charles G. Finney
• Believed that sin was avoidable and each person
  was responsible for their own salvation
• Led to large growth in church membership

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Transcendentalism

• Belief in spiritualism over money and belongings
• Each person should rely on themselves instead of
  outside authority
• Ralph Waldo Emerson Self-Reliance 1841
• Henry David Thoreau Walden - 1854

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Utopian Communities

• Some Transcendentalists tried to form perfect
  societies
• Brooks Farm
• Shakers did not believe in private ownership,
  lived plain lifestyle

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Romanticism

• Belief that all individuals brought unique,
  important views to the world
• Nathaniel Hawthorne Scarlet Letter
• Edgar Allan Poe
• Emily Dickinson

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New Immigration

• 1840-1860 4 million new immigrants
• Mostly German and Irish fleeing famine and
  harsh government
• Many native citizens resented them and feared
  that they would take their jobs - Nativists

• Know-Nothing Party opposed to immigrants
• Major urban growth jobs in factories
• Middle class
• Poor people lived in bad conditions - tenements

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Prison and Mental Health Reform

• Many people wanted to improve society
• Dorothea Dix mental health reformer
• Child Crime
• Prison Conditions

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Alcohol Abuse

• 1830s average person consumed 7 gallons of
  alcohol a year
• Temperance Movement stop drinking
• Lyman Beecher

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Education Reform

• 1800s poor public education
• Few resources, little money, untrained teachers,
  one-room schools
• Many children worked to support their families

• Common-school movement
• Horace Mann
• Lengthened school year, better salaries and
  training

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Women and Minorities

• Few women went past grade school
• Catharine Beecher
• Emma Willard
• Led to increased opportunities for women

• Free Blacks in the North had separate schools at
  first
• Few colleges would accept them
• Southern Blacks had little to no Education