Chapter 16 Part 3

1
Chapter 16Part 3

• Constitutionalism
• England
• The Netherlands

2
Constitutionalism in Western Europe1600-1725

• Constitutionalism Governments power is limited
  by law

3
17th Century England

• Capitalism much social mobility
• The English Middle Class numbers up due to the
  Commercial Revolution
• Improved agricultural techniques could feed a
  larger population
• England had a bigger middle class in proportion
  to its population than any other country in
  Europe EXCEPT the Netherlands

4
The Gentry

• Wealthy land owners in the countryside dominated
  the House of Commons
• Many had been middle class and had moved up
• They relied on English law to limit the power of
  the King regarding economic and political matters

5
The Gentry

• They were willing to pay taxes so long as the
  House of Commons had a say in how the money was
  to be spent
• In England, paying taxes held no stigma like it
  did in France and Spain
• England was more egalitarian.
• The peasants were not as exploited as in other
  European countries

6
BUT

• Taxation DID bring the House of Commons and the
  monarch into conflict

7
Religion

• By the 17th century there were more Calvinists
  and fewer Anglicans
• Puritans were the most reform-minded of the
  Calvinists
• The Protestant work ethic had a big impact on the
  Middle Class and the Gentry

8
Calvinists

• Were much opposed to the influence of the
  Catholic Church
• BUT James I and Charles I not so much

9
The Stuarts

• Began in 1603 with James I
• Both James I and son, Charles I were absolutists
  at heart.
• Both supported Divine Right
• The ambitions of the early Stuart monarchs were
  held in check by Parliament

10
The Early Stuarts

• Both had issues with Parliament
• Both suspended same
• Both into persecuting Puritans
• BUT Charles more enthusiastic
• Caused the Great Migration of the 17th C
• Clashed with Parliament causing the English Civil
  War

11
The Big Issues Prior to the English Civil War

• Could the King govern without the consent of
  Parliament or go against its wishes?
• Would the Church have an Episcopal or a
  Presbyterian format?

12
English Civil War 1642-49

• Kings supporters Cavaliers Old Nobility of
  the Sword, Anglicans. Mercenaries, Catholics
  (like the Irish) who feared Puritans more than
  the Anglican king
• Parliament Puritans Roundheads
• Were led by Cromwell and his New Model Army

13
Remember

• Parliament received help from the Scots in
  exchange for a promise
• That after the war, the English Church would
  be organized along Presbyterian lines
• Also, support from businessmen, merchant marine
  and navy

14
Battle of Nasby

• The last major battle in the war
• Charles I captured by the Scots
• Was turned over to English Parliament
• Parliament ordered Cromwell to stand down and
  dissolve his army
• Cromwell refused

15
Prides Purge 1648

• The New Model Army (without the knowledge of
  Cromwell) purged Parliament of all except English
  Puritans (The Anglicans and Presbyterian Puritans
  were booted out)
• Only 1/5 of Parliament remained

16
Charles I Beheaded in 1649

• The Interregnum
• 1649-1660

17
The Commonwealth 1649-53

• Was supposed to be a Republic
• The monarchy and the House of Lords was abolished
• England became a military state
• The Scots were unhappy with unfulfilled promise
• Cromwell went to war with the Scots and defeated
  them

18
The Protectorate 1653-1659

• Cromwell dissolved the Rump Parliament and ruled
  alone
• He divided England into 12 military districts
• Each district was controlled by a general
• He denied religious freedom to Catholics and
  Anglicans
• BUT allowed Jews to return in 1655
• They had been banished since 1290

19
Cromwells Campaigns

• 1649 Cromwell put down an Irish Rebellion
• 1652 Act of Settlement 2/3 of the land in
  Ireland owned by Catholics was given to English
  Protestants
• 1651-52 Defeated the Scots

20
Life in Cromwells England

• Strict moral codes were used to regulate everyday
  life
• Codes were enforced by the army
• The Press was censored
• Sports were prohibited
• Theaters were closed
• It got old fast

21
Cromwell died in 1658

• His son, Richard, was inept
• An Anglican Parliament will invite Charles Is
  son, Charles II, to come back home
• While in exile, Charles II agreed to abide by
  Parliaments decisions in the post-war settlement

22
1660 The Restoration

• Parliament was stronger in relation to the King
  than ever before
• Charles II agreed to a significant degree of
  religious tolerationespecially for Catholics (he
  had a fondness for them anyway)
• The Kings power was NOT absolute
• Though Charles II would have liked that

23
Charles II 1660-85

• Was called the Merry Monarch
• He had many close personal lady friends and
  illegitimate children but no legitimate children
  so his brother, James II will inherit the throne
  upon Charles IIs death

24
The Rise of Political Parties in England

• The Tories Conservative
• Nobles, gentry, Anglicans who supported the King
  over Parliament
• The Whigs More Liberal
• Middle-Class and Puritans who favored Parliament
  and religious toleration

25
1661 The Clarendon Code

• An effort by monarchists and Anglicans to drive
  Puritans out of political and religious life
• The Test Act of 1673 Excluded those who refused
  to receive the sacrament of the Church of England
  from voting, holding public office, teaching,
  preaching, attending universities, or assembling
  for meetings

26
In the Meantime

• Charles seemed to support Catholics and was
  criticized for it by the Whigs in Parliament
• He granted freedom of worship to Catholics
• And took annual payments beginning in 1670 from
  Louis XIV if Charles would relax restrictions on
  Catholics!

27
Charles II and Catholicism

• Charles dissolved Parliament when it passed a law
  denying royal succession to Catholics
• James, Charless brother and heir, was Catholic
• Charles II declared himself a Catholic on his
  deathbed

28
1679 The Habeas Corpus Act

• Attempt by Parliament to limit Charles IIs power
• Provisions
• Allowed judges to demand that prisoners be in
  court during their trials
• Required just cause for continued imprisonment
• Provided for speedy trials
• Forbade Double Jeopardy

29
Charles II and Scotland

• Scotland had gained its independence upon the
  restoration in 1660
• Then Charles went back on his word which allowed
  for Presbyterianism in Scotland
• In 1661 he declared himself the head of the
  Church of Scotland
• Like his father, he tried to impose the Episcopal
  form of organization on the Presbyterians in
  Scotland

30
Charles II and Scotland

• Thousands in Scotland were killed for resisting
• The last few years of Charles IIs reign were
  known as the Killing Time.