Requested topics- Tudors

1
Requested topics - Tudors

• Before we look at these I want to check that you
  know the answers to the courses key questions
  !!!!!

2
Religion

• What was the state of the Church on the eve of
  the Reformation?
• What were the motives for religious change?
• To what extent was England protestant by 1540?

3
Wolsey Government

• How did Wolsey rise to power?
• How successful were Wolseys domestic policies?
• Was Wolsey an Alter Rex? (What was the nature
  of his relationship with Henry and who was in
  charge?) How far was Henry at the centre of his
  government at home?
• Why did Wolsey fall from power?

4
Foreign Policy

• What were Henrys aims?
• How successful was Henry 1509-1514?
• How successful was 1514-1529?
• How far did religion shape foreign affairs
  1530-1540?

5
Annulment

• Why did Henry want an annulment?
• Why couldnt Henry get it?
• 1530-32 A period of drift?
• How did the Acts of Parliament secure the break
  with Rome and the Royal Supremacy?
• Why did Henry make the break from Rome and
  establish the Royal Supremacy?
• How serious was opposition?
• Why was there so little opposition?

6
Dissolution of the Monasteries

• Why did Henry dissolve them?
• Was the dissolution pre-planned?
• How were they dissolved?
• What were the effects?

7
P of G

• What caused the Pilgrimage of Grace?
• What happened?
• How important were the local nobility and gentry
  in leading and spreading the revolt?
• Why did it fail?
• How much of a threat was it?

8

• Wolseys rise to power
• Early domestic policies/ Eltham ordnances
• The different factions and their members
• Young lion
• All the different treaties in the 1520s
• Key points of great matter
• Cromwell, the acts of the Reformation Parliament
  and what they did
• Thomas More _saint or sinner
• Dissolution of the monasteries
• Thomas Cromwell's role in the dissolution of the
  monasteries.
• Protest against reformation
• Pilgrimage of grace.
• Revolution in Government
• Summary of all thematic reviews
• Summary of individuals e.g. Wolsey, AB, More,
  Cromwell, Cranmer and any others i have missed

9
Early domestic policies
10
Wolseys rise to power

• Royal Almoner
• Organises successful expedition to Tournai in
  1513
• Bishop of Tournai in 1514 and Archbishop of
  York
• Cardinal and Lord Chancellor
• 1518 legate a latere

11
Luck or skill?

• Wolsey pre-H8 - 1st from Oxford at 15 Henry
  VIIs Chaplain - 1507
• Old councillors H7s men Henry got rid of key
  men like Epsom and Dudley.
• 1509 - Royal Almoner
• In 1512-13 skill in organising an
  expeditionary force to invade France,
• 1514 - Bishop of Tournai and Archbishop of York
• 1515 Cardinal Lord Chancellor
• 1518 - Legate a latere
• Presiding over Star Chamber and Court of Chancery
• Expulsion of minions in 1519 and Eltham
  Ordinances 1526

12
Justice

• Historians have disagreed over whether Wolsey
  bought greater justice to the legal system or
  not.

13

• Lord Chancellor in 1515
• Head of the countrys secular legal system and
  directly responsible for the legal work of both
  of the Royal Court
• Court of Chancery and the Court of Star Chamber.
  These were courts which could be used by the
  Kings subjects (ordinary people) to get justice.
  
• Considerable amount of time and attention. Heard
  many cases and anyone was able to bring their
  case before him in the Star Chamber. The Star
  Chamber dealt with 120 cases per year under
  Wolsey compared with only 12 under Henry VII.
• Wolsey championed the poor against the rich.
• Common law v Civil Law more progressive legal
  system.
• Quick to use the system to further his own
  interests and using the law as a personal
  vendetta e.g. Sir Amyas Paulet.

14

• Caused resentment targeted aristocratic
  privileges.
• 1515 he sent the Earl of Northumberland to Fleet
  Prison for contempt of the councils
  jurisdiction.
• BUT no institutional changes that would have
  outlasted him.
• Left an enormous backlog of cases to be heard in
  the Star Chamber by 1529 and the administration
  was chaotic.

15
Enclosure

• Argued dedication to the plight of the poor.
• Three statutes pre- Wolsey largely ignored.
• 1517 a national enquiry into enclosed land.
• Many brought to court were ordered to rebuild
  houses that had been destroyed and allow the land
  to be free for arable farming.
• In reality enclosure continued to take place and
  reform was piecemeal.
• Wolsey more parliamentary session of 1523
  Wolsey was forced to accept all existing
  enclosures.
• Could not exert total authority over the
  nobility.

16
Finances

• Effective reform of the financial system to make
  it more fair and efficient?
• Replaced fifteenths and tenths with Tudor
  subsidy (favoured by Wolsey because it was more
  progressive)
• 1513 and 1516 it raised 170,000 while the old
  system only raised 90,000.
• In 1523 Wolsey demanded over 800,000 from
  Parliament raised 300,000. Forced to accept
  concessions on enclosure.
• Fiscal policies were causing resentment

17

• Amicable Grants 1525
• Battle of Pavia. invade France
• non-parliamentary tax
• Violence three yrs of forced loans and
  parliamentary taxes
• Rebellion across Suffolk and East Anglia. 10,000
  men marched on Lavenham (an important
  cloth-making centre in Suffolk). The hostility
  was not initiated by nobles (many actually helped
  to restore order) but it showed unpopularity.
• Abandoned in 1525
• No further attempt at taxation was attempted by
  Wolsey.
• beginning of the end for Wolsey??

18
Nobility and parliament
19

• Did Wolsey deliberately monopolise power?
• Parliament met twice.
• Saw pmt as source of opposition to himself
• But pmts role only to give money and ratify
  laws.
• Privy chamber was where power lay.
• Privy chamber threat to Wolsey? 1519 Expulsion
  of Minions? Motivation?
• 1526 Eltham Ordinances PC reduced from 12
  to 6. Motivation? efficient cost-cutting exercise
  or attempt to monopolise power?

20
The Church

• Any meaningful reform?
• 1515 Hunne Affair anti-clerical feeling
• Unfairness of the Benefit of the Clergy.
• Wolsey key position to reform churcj
• BUT guilty of pluralism, nepotism and
  absenteeism. A
• York 1518 - Ecclesiastical Council discuss
  ways of improving the church and the conduct and
  work of the clergy no change
• Visitations (inspections) of Monasteries in
  England proposals for reform.

21
Alter-Rex?
22
Alter-Rex Partnership
Wolsey was a master and Henry was a puppet. Evidence Role in domestic policy Use of the Court of Star Chamber Tudor Subsidy Eltham Ordinances King always made the final decision on key issues. When it came to more important matters of foreign policy or bigger domestic decisions the King was at the centre of decision making
23
Alter-Rex Partnership
Wolseys wealth served to further his political power Used the trappings of political success to set himself up as the most important man in the country next to the king. 1528 Henry fell out with Wolsey over the seemingly trivial matter of Wolseys appointment of an abbess to a nunnery. Wolsey forced to make a grovelling apology
24
Alter-Rex Partnership
Wolsey maintained his power through ruthlessness. Wolsey did consult other nobles. Reputation stemmed from jealousy and the fact that he clearly decided on policy in private with Henry before presenting it before Council.
25
Young Lion
26
France 1512

• In 1509 Holy League France, Spain and HRE
  attack Venice. England isolated.
• H7s advisors frustrated Henry 1510 Peace
  Treaty with France in 1510
• 1511 France threatening the Papal States Holy
  League with England, Venice and Spain to drive
  France out of Italy.
• Joint Anglo-Spanish invasion let down by
  Ferdinand.

27
The Battle of Spurs 1513

• Henry more determined to invade and gain glory.
• Personally led an army of 30,000 men
• Capture of Therouanne and Tournai with little
  French resistance.
• Therouranne given to Maximillian
• Tournai English Garrison very expensive.
• Propaganda

28
The Battle of Flodden 1513

• Earl of Surrey defeated James IV.
• English outnumbered
• James dead

29
The Anglo-French Treaty of 1514

• No money Leo X HRE and Ferdinand treaty
  French peace
• England possession of Tournai
• France agreed to pay pension areers
• Younger sister Mary elderly Louis XII.

30
(No Transcript)
31
1515-1517 Isolation

• Francis 1 1515
• Duke of Albany to overthrow the Regency in
  Scotland.
• Francis defeated the Swiss w
• Francis Pope Concordat

32
The Treaty of London 1518

• Hijacked Leo Xs papal plans for a western
  crusade against the Turks
• England was at the heart of bringing peace to
  Europe.
• Prestige for Henry end isolation
• More French Pensions, get the Duke of Albany out
  of Scotland, and Mary engaged to the Dauphin
• Motivation? Wolseys selfish ambitions to become
  Papal Legate or Pope?

33
The Field of the Cloth of Gold, 1520

• January 1519 Charles HRE.
• Francis and Charles looking for an ally?

34
1521 Treaty of Bruges

• England bargaining power due to Francis and
  Charles competing
• Form alliance with HRE
• August 1521 Bruges support HRE

35
1523 Siege on Boulogne and attack on Paris

• 1523 need to honour Bruges
• Duke of Bourbon rebellion three-pronged
  assault.
• Rebellion did not occur and English troops
  suffered.

36
1525 Diplomatic revolution. U Turn

• Battle of Pavia (N. Italt)
• Francis chrused hostage
• Henry tried to staje a claim but Charles would
  not share.
• Amicable Grant
• U turn Treaty of More in 1525. Henry give up
  claims to France annual pension.

37
1526 The Treaty of Cognac

• Francis released on good behaviour
• Treaty of Cognac England, France and Italian
  states against the Imperial forces in Italy.

38
1527-1529 The Imperial Sack of Rome and the
Peace of Cambrai

• HRE sack of Rome and the Pope Clement VII was
  taken prisoner!
• By 1528 Charles complete control in Italy.
• Battle of Landriano French defeat.
• Peace of Cambrai in 1529 treaty between France,
  Spain and the Papacy.

39
FP 1530-1540?
40

• Heretical England desire for alliance with HRE
  Anglo French alliance falling apart England
  vulnerable and isolated.
• CofA AB deaths Henry hopes renewed interest
  in HRE alliance (1536).
• 1538 Peace of Nice Isolated England
• Holy Crusade Military defences links with
  German Princes.

41

• White Rose Cardinal Pole call for Catholic
  invasion of England brutal purge of Poles
  family.
• 1539 Act of Six Articles u-turn to catholic
  doctrine.
• BUT Lutheran embassy officials were visiting
  England .
• Anne of Cleves Italian wars resume Cromwells
  fall

42
Henry VIII and divorce issue

1. Why did Henry want an annulment?
2. What were the obstacles to Henry securing an
   annulment?
3. What was the role of Wolsey?

43
Route 1Terms of original dispensation rendered
it invalid

• Issue of affinity between H8 and CofA confusing
  was original marriage consummated?
• CofA argued it was not. Therefore no issue of
  affinity. So dispensation was wrong.
• Genuine problem was public honesty.

44
Route 2

• Challenge grounds on which the original
  dispensation had been issued.
• Julius had ruled a dispensation admissible
  because it cemented peace between England and
  Spain.
• Was political reason sufficient for setting aside
  God's word.

45
Route 3 Did Pope have the authority to issue
dispensations?

• Leviticus if a man shall take his brothers
  wife he hath uncovered his brothers nakedness
  they shall be childless
• Original Hebrew says sonless
• Henry argued Julius II had exceeded his powers by
  over-turning the word of God as set down in the
  bible.

46
Wolseys strategies

• Persuading the Pope to delegate the decision
  to his representative in England!

47

• In Dec 1527 Clement escaped from Charles V and
  Henry offered to send troops to help protect him.
• Later that year Wolsey persuaded Clement to send
  a papal legate, Cardinal Campeggio to England to
  try the case.

48

• In April 1528 Cardinal Campeggio sent
• Absentee Bishop of Salisbury
• ill and slow progress to England (oct 28),
• Under orders to delay matters 'by the book'.
• Alternative suggestion CofA nunnery

49

• 31st March - July 1529 court at Blackfriars.
• 18th June CofA sole appearance (show clip from
  the Tudors)
• Hearing suspended (FP Pope signed the Treaty of
  Barcelona, swearing loyalty to the Emperor).
• Clement recalled the matter to Rome.

50

• Catherine - appealed directly to Rome for a
  decision,
• Campeggios visit futile
• August 1529 summons hearing in Rome.
• Factions align against Wolsey dismissed

51

• In 1529 Wolsey was charged with praemunire
  (acknowledge a foreign power over the crown)
• So this year was a turning point in the Great
  Matter.
• Henry continued to pursue the annulment via Rome
• BUT
• he was also open to the idea of him making the
  final decision on the divorce in England and
  break with Rome. By 1532 it is clear his mind is
  made up.

52
The importance of factions, 1520s

• How important were factions in this period?
• Which factions were opposed to Wolsey and
  why? (there are three)
• What is surprising about why these factions
  combined against Wolsey?
• Explain the significance of the Boleyn factions
  role in undermining Wolsey

53

• The Boleyn faction
• Key point what position did these men hold with
  Henrys government.
• (Kings Privy Chamber)
• Anne also actively created an anti - Wolsey
  faction with other peers e.g. Norfolk and
  Suffolk.

54

• 2. The Aragonese faction
• While this faction was concerned by the divorce
  issue many of the members also feared for the
  safety of the universal church Catherine had the
  support of leading churchmen e.g. John Fisher.
• This faction was also united by the fear of the
  power that Wolsey yielded. These men were
  profiting from the weakening of Wolseys power
  which the Boleyn faction had brought about.

55

• 3. The Noble faction.
• This faction comprised of those nobles who had
  been offended by Wolsey through the Star Chamber.
  
• The following Dukes ultimately allied together
  with Anne.

56

• 4. Wolseys faction

57
1527 Henry decided to seek an annulment
His motives
His strategy
October 1529 Wolseys fall
1527-29 Wolsey in charge
The Legatine court 1529
THE DIVORCE
1530 and 1532 The years of drift?
April 1533 Marriage annulled by Cranmer
1532-3 Cromwell in charge
March 1533 Act of Appeals
58
1529-32 A period of drift?
59

• Got rid of Wolsey
• Religious conservatives
• C of A faction
• Private formality now public dispute conducted
  through the press and the courts. Neither side
  could afford to back down.
• BUT
• Reformation Parliament (1529-36)
• Cromwell joined council Collectanea satis
  copiosa evidence against the Popes powers
• Major initiative European scholars (feb-april
  1530)

60

• Cambridge/ Oxford anti-divorce. But pro divorce
  doctors selected.
• 7 universities supported Henry.
• Theologians bribed undermined the initiative.
• Why?

61

• Public knowledge votes had been bought
• Some scholars accepted bribes by C of A's party
  too.
• So years of drift????

62
Reformation Parliament

• 7 sessions Nov 1529-36.
• Anti clerical legislation passed pressurise
  Pope.

63

• 1531, Cromwell knew Pope never rule in Henry's
  favour.
• Give someone else the power to do it.
• Persuade Henry slowly.
• Piecemeal
• Momentum break with Rome.

64

• Parliament Partner in crime.
• Henry ensure
• C of E recognised his authority over the Pope and
  obeyed him.
• Popes influence was broken
• Establish Royal supremacy

65

• Feb 1531, Clergy charged with praemunire
• Convocation fined 118,000
• Henry recognised him as protector and
• Supreme head "so far as the law of Christ
• allows".
• Pardon of the Clergy

66

• Supplication against the Ordinaries, March 1532.
• House of Commons draft
• Anti benefit of the clergy
• Submission of the Clergy, 15 May 1532
• Henry examine/ veto all Convocations legislation
  
• Henry review canon law.
• Stop or enforce any of Englands laws.

67

• Act in Conditional Restraint of Annates, May 1532
• Parliament withhold Annates from Rome,
• blackmail Pope.
• Pope could not excommunicate anyone or
• delay the consecration of bishops
• What does the term conditional suggest
• about this act?

68
Why was 1532 a turning point in royal policy?
69

• Jan 1533 H8 and AB secret marriage H8
  technically a bigamist .
• March Thomas Cranmer AB of C
• In March a CRUCIAL act was passed! Read the
  following extract. What did the act do? Why is it
  crucial to Henrys Great Matter?

70

• Act in Restraint of Appeals, March 1533
• Final authority in all legal matters lay with
  monarch.
• Recognised England's national sovereignty.

71

• Jan 1533 H8 and AB secret marriage H8
  technically a bigamist .
• Vital for divorce to be finalised,
• Late May hearing of the case which Catherine
  refused to attend.
• 3 days of discussion the papal dispensation was
  invalid.

72

• Act for the Submission of the Clergy, 1534
• Reconfirmed earlier submission
• Forbade appeals being made to the Pope.
• This was for all cases.
• Appeals made to the royal commissioners.

73

• Act in Absolute Restraint of Annates, 1534.
• (notice conditional replaced by absolute)
• Forbade payment to Pope.
• King nominate bishop. Consecrated by
• Archbishop

74

• Dispensations Act, 1534
• Stopped all remaining papal payments.
• First Succession Act, 1534.
• Succession rests in H8 and ABs heirs
• Elizabeth heir. Mary bastard.
• All subjects swear an oath to recognise this
  and the Kings supremacy.
• Act of Supremacy, 1534.
• Henry is Supreme Head of the English Church.
• (see original document)

75

• Act of First Fruits and Tenths
• This took old papal taxes and gave them to
• the Crown instead.
• Oath of Succession 1534
• Ye shall swear to bear faith, truth, and
  Obedience alonely to the king's majesty, and to
  his heirs of his body of his most dear and
  entirely beloved lawful wife Queen Anne, begotten
  and to be begotten..

76

• Treason Act, 1534.
• Disavowing the Oath of Succession death.
• any person or persons, after the first day of
  February next coming, do maliciously wish, will
  or desire, by words or writing, or by craft
  imagine, invent, practise, or attempt any bodily
  harm to be done or committed to the king's most
  royal person, the queen's, or their heirs
  apparent, or to deprive them or any of them of
  their dignity, title, or name of their royal
  estates then every such person and persons so
  offending shall have and suffer such pains of
  death and other penalties, as is limited and
  accustomed in cases of high treason.

77
What factors pushed or pulled Henry into his
break with Rome?
78
PUSH forced him into annulling his marriage and
breaking with RomePULL attracted him to the
annulment and breaking with Rome

• Henrys conscience
• Henrys desire for a male heir
• Love for AB
• Need to increase his revenue
• Desire for power
• C of A miscarriages and 3 stillborn babies
• CVs rejection in June 1515 of Henrys proposal
  that Charles marry Mary
• Ab refusal to be his mistress
• Pope taken prisoner in 1527
• Wolsey becomes legate a latere
• Wolsey replaced by More as Chancellor in Oct 1529
• William Warham replaced by Cranmer
• Collactanea Satis Copiosa in 1530
• AB pregnant in Dec 1532

79
Thomas More Saint or sinner?

• Popular view of More as a man of Principle who
  was willing to die for his people. Elevate to the
  status of Catholic Martyrdom.
• Protestant view of More as a harsh and cruel
  hunter of good, honest Protestant Men. This was
  asserted by Jon Foxes Protestant Book of
  Martyrs written in 1563

80
Saint

• Refusal to swear the Oath of Succession 1534.
• Resignation after the Submission of the Clergy
  1532.
• His attempt to retire from public life and
  refusal to speak publicly on the issue of the
  Supremacy.
• He insisted he was willing to remain the Kings
  loyal servant and he would not assist his enemies
  
• Cranmer and Cromwell both tried to save him from
  execution and were willing to accept this
  promise.

81

• Passionate defender of Catholic orthodoxy -
  writing pamphlets against heresy, banning
  unorthodox books, and even taking responsibility
  when chancellor for the interrogation of
  heretics.
• In total there were six heretics burned at the
  stake during More's Chancellorship

82
Dissolution of the Monasteries
83
Desire for wealth
Religious and political need
Causes
Smaller monasteries 1536
Larger monasteries 1538-40
Course
Short term
Consequences
Long term
religious
humanitarian
political
social
84
Why were the monasteries dissolved?
85
Religious reasons
86

• Extracts from the Henry VIII's report on Monastic
  Houses (1535)Lampley "Mariana Wryte had given
  birth three times, and Johanna Snaden, six
• Lichfield 2 of the nuns were with child
• Whitby "Abbot Hexham took his cut at the proceeds
  from piracy
• Abbotsbury Abbot wrongfully selling timber
• Pershore "monks drunk at mass"

Assess the state of the monasteries based on
these accounts.
87
Very negative comments but were these accurate
statements?

• Was the reason for the dissolution because the
  religious community were not living up to their
  vows?

88
Yes

• The evidence shows a decline in moral standards.
  
• Accounts of illegitimate children and mistresses.

89
No..

• The evidence shows that most religious houses
  lived up to their vows.
• Accounts of good works being done in the community

90

• Corruption was used as an excuse to close the
  monasteries not as the driving reason.
• But the Valor Ecclesiasticus (see later notes)
  provided the ammunition to convince parliament
  the situation was bad and so justify the
  dissolution.

91
Political reasons

• Allegiance to Rome
• It has been argued that many monasteries owed
  their allegiance to the Pope first and the crown
  second.
• Therefore dissolving them is a logical step

92

• Many protestant historians have argued that
  monasteries were outdated. The new religion did
  not require monks to pray for their soul or to
  sell indulgences.

However. (what problems can you see with this
statement?)
93

• Not all houses owned allegiance to the Pope but
  to mother houses instead.
• What about those houses set up and funded by the
  crown?
• What about those houses that had taken the Oath
  of Supremacy?
• It has been argued that protestant historians
  have placed too heavy an emphasis on this
  political reason in order to fit into how the
  English Reformation occurred.

94
Desire for wealth

• Henry dissolved the monasteries for financial
  gain.
• Worried about a foreign invasion Henry wanted to
  increase Englands defences.
• Henry had already started taking church funds
  with the 1534 Act of First Fruits and Tenths.

95
Were the monasteries dissolved for financial gain
or reform?

• Discuss this question.

96
What do historians think?

• There are more detailed notes on the shared area
  under Randall notes on diss of mon.
• I have included an overview.

97
a) The Early Sectarian Controversy

• 300 years after Henrys death Catholics argued
  that the dissolution had nothing to do with
  religion but rather greed and wickedness
• In a report written by the Emperor's ambassador,
  Eustace Chapuys, Cromwell is said to have risen
  to favour by promising Henry that he would make
  him the richest king in Christendom.
• They use the Pilgrimage of Grace as evidence of
  popular support for the monasteries.

98

• The Protestants argued that by the 1530s the
  monasteries were generally corrupt places.

99
b) The Later Sectarian Controversy

• Not until the mid 19th century that a less
  emotional examination of the evidence occurred.
• However there were enough facts on both sides of
  the argument to prolong the debate.

100
c) Modern Interpretations

• Since WW2 a general consensus has emerged.
• Wealth was the main motivation.
• No popular demand for the destruction of the
  religious houses,
• They were not in a terminal state of collapse
• They posed no political or religious threat to
  the king or his policies.

101
Top down historians

• Elton and Scarisbrick
• Evidence to support greed as motive.
• Henry behind each step of dissolution yet
  accepted none of the doctrinaire reasons advanced
  by Protestants to justify his actions.

102
Bottom up historians

• Dickens
• These historians argue there was very little
  popular opposition to the continued existence of
  the religious houses
• A modest reform programme would have eliminated
  most shortcomings.
• Public opinion was just on the supportive side of
  neutral

103
Desire for wealth
Religious and political need
Causes
Smaller monasteries 1536
Larger monasteries 1538-40
Course
Short term
Consequences
Long term
religious
humanitarian
political
social
104
1535 Valor Ecclesiasticus(church valuation)
105

• Commissioners were sent out to survey and value
  all benefices, including religious houses and
  Oxford and Cambridge colleges.
• The initial reason was to work out how much each
  house would have to pay to meet the 10 promised
  to Henry under the First Fruit and Tenths act.
• The result of their efforts is known as the Valor
  Ecclesiasticus.
• Total income revealed as 160,000 per annum. 3
  x Royal income.
• Owned 1/3rd of landed property
• Wealth was from rents, tithes and pilgrimages.

106
Visitations

• Mainly two of Cromwell's trusted 'servants'
  Thomas Legh and Richard Layton.
• Very able, hard working, ambitious and
  unscrupulous characters.

107

• These men had a lists of questions to ask at each
  house and sets of instructions (injunctions) to
  issue the monks and nuns they 'visited.
• In a short period of time they drew up a list of
  comperta (transgressions admitted by monks and
  nuns)

108

• Bottom up historians such as Dickens have
  argued that the comperta must be treated with
  extreme caution.
• It is clear that the visitors carried out their
  orders to 'dig up as much dirt as possible' with
  efficiency and enthusiasm.
• They do not suggest that they fabricated
  evidence, there is no doubt that they were
  prepared to mislead quite outrageously.
• This can be shown both from internal evidence in
  their reports and from external evidence that has
  been unearthed relating to a few of the
  confessions included in the comperta.

109

• 181 cases of 'sodomy' gave rise to claims of
  widespread homosexual practices.
• But the visitors' definition of sodomy was
  unusual
• In 169 cases they are described as 'solitary
  vice. So not sodomy but probably masturbation.
• There were 38 confessions by nuns that they had
  had children. In once case this was probably
  before the nun took her vow of chastity. This
  opens the possibility that many of the other
  confessions related to similarly ancient falls
  from grace.

110

• Many houses complained about the bullying tactics
  of Legh and Layton
• Their reputation was poor that in the Pilgrimage
  of Grace in 1536 they called on the evil
  councillors to receive special punishment.    

111
Was the dissolution pre-planned?

• Cromwell had a master plan from 1530 always had
  a financial and religious motive.
• Only after V.E that dissolution was this course
  of action decided (so reactive). Supported by the
  fact that Cromwell had not been prepared with
  what to do with the evidence discovered.
• Only after V.E was dissolution decided and then
  it was only for smaller monasteries. Only in 1538
  after Henry saw how easy it was did the greater
  houses fall.
• Again read Randall notes for more in depth
  discussion

112
1536 Dissolution of the lesser Monasteries (Act
of Suppression)

• Dissolved if income less than 200 a year
• Pension offered to heads of the houses.
• Other members of the house could transfer to a
  larger house
• or
• be freed of their vows of poverty and obedience
  BUT NOT chastity.

113

• 300 houses affected
• 67 given royal permission to remain open. Argued
  that another 10 houses also survived but the
  evidence has been lost. This survival cost a
  years income. Henry earned c13,500 for saving
  67 (or 15,500 77)
• These houses survived as they had contacts in
  Henrys government who could put in a good word
  for them.

114

• In order to ensure that the religious houses
  could not hide their treasures the
  commissioners moved quickly
• Unsurprisingly these treasures were taken and
  the land rented or auctioned off.
• The local population also took their share.
  Bricks, fences etc were taken.
• 1536 Court of Augmentations set up and overseen
  by Richard Rich (why is this name familiar?)
• (We will look at the populations reaction later)  

115
So what was happening with the larger monasteries?
116

• Monasteries involved in the pilgrimage of Grace
  were punished (see later notes)
• The abbot was accused of treason, executed and
  the house and possessions confiscated.
• Those houses that escaped this treatment were
  dealt with in a piece meal fashion (different to
  1536)

117

• The houses were transferred into the Kings hands
  as free gifts
• Those houses that were aggressive were noted and
  passed over. The commissioners initially focused
  on those who had been cowed into submission.

118
1539 Dissolution of the greater monasteries

• Why pass the 1539 act then?
• This was to cover the Kings back and to
• ensure that no religious house could start a
• dispute about the legality of the Kings
• actions

119

• What happened to those houses that
• opposed the King?

120

• They were accused of spurious charges and
  executed.
• The main charge used was hiding valuable items
  away from Henry.
• Some houses were destroyed.
• In less than 5 years 800 monasteries had been
  dissolved.

121
Desire for wealth
Religious and political need
Causes
Smaller monasteries 1536
Larger monasteries 1538-40
Course
Short term
Consequences
Long term
religious
humanitarian
political
social
122
Historians and the short term impact of the
dissolution (read Randall for more detailed
discussion)
123
Catholic writers

• Dissolution views as vandalism which had
  religious, humanitarian and cultural effects.
• Remember the Catholic historians believed the
  church was strong during this time. So the
  dissolution was a religious destruction.
• It was 'cultural' vandalism unsurprisingly
  because of the destruction of medieval art,
  statues and buildings.
• It was a humanitarian because of the what the
  monks, nuns etc suffered having been kicked out
  their religious house. Also what about those
  people who had relied on these houses for charity
  and work.

124
Protestant historians thought the opposite!!!
125
Modern historians

• Today historians realise that the extent to which
  there was religious vandalism depends on the
  writers religious view point.
• They argue that it is difficult to objective
  assess the religious impact of the dissolutions.
• Modern historians view the dissolutions as having
  little affect on religion at these time when
  compared to the other policies being implemented
  in the Reformation.

126

• Cultural Vandalism?
• Similarly this is a subjective issue to!
• The sight of ruined monasteries. The knowledge of
  medieval texts being destroyed, of iconoclasm and
  items being melted still prompts criticism.
  Rightly so!
• But what if they derelict and ugly?????
• Despite these acts religious houses did survive!

127

• A humanitarian crisis?
• The idea of monks and nuns being abandoned to the
  harsh Tudor world is another strong image of the
  dissolution. How could these unworldly people
  survive?
• This topic has
• elicited the most
• research.

128

• 6500 monks and friars found other jobs within the
  Church.
• Pensions were given
• The 2000 nuns affected did not do as well. Why?
• They were not allowed to marry nor were they
  eligible for priestly posts.
• Some went back home to their families others
  lived at subsistence level,
• Lay servants of the monasteries would have been
  able to find employment with the new owners.

129

• The end of charity is often blamed for the
  increase in poverty at this time.
• Yet, the VE shows that c2 of the houses income
  was given as charity.
• What about the affect of inflation, population
  increases (there is no contraception and the
  catholic tenant is to reproduce)?

130
Long term impact?
131

• Social impact ?
• The fact that some inferior people
• (merchants etc) bought some of the land
• meant that the number of country
• gentlemen increased by several thousand
• before the end of the century (these men
• would want more power gt CM????)

132

• Impact of Crown?
• Kings normal income doubled as he leased out
  land.
• King became less reliant on the parliament for
  grants (it is argued that if Henry had not
  squandered this money then subsequent monarchs
  would not have been reliant on the parliament and
  so this would not have led to conflict between
  the two i.e. English Civil War.

133
So how serious was the Pilgrimage of Grace?
134
(No Transcript)
135
Umbrella term for 3 uprising but only Oct Dec
1536 should be called the PoG
136

• Direct reaction to the proposed dissolution of
  the smaller monasteries
• Socio-economic motivations too.
• North the most conservative area in religious
  outlook.

137
Lincolnshire Rising Oct 1536
138

• Caused by commissions for the dissolution of
  the smaller monasteries, tax collections,
  economic situation etc
• October At Louth commissioner for dissolution
  was seized uprising
• Local church funds paid for initial force
  swelled to c40,000
• Shoemaker Nicholas Melton became "Captain
  Cobbler" the leader of a rebellion
• Spiritual leader was Kendall, the vicar of Louth.

139

• Marched to Lincoln and wrote a set of articles to
  Henry in London
• Demands
• end of the Ten Articles
• an end to the dissolution,
• an end to taxes in peacetime,
• a purge of heretics in government,
• and the repeal of the Statue of Uses

140

• Ended October 10th 1536
• Henry sent word for the occupiers to disperse or
  face the forces of Charles Brandon (Duke of
  Suffolk)
• Leaders knew if they kept on then it would be
  treason faced a stronger military force
• Took Kings offer to consider their demands if
  they went home they did.

141

• Consequences
• Over next 12 months Kendall and most of the other
  local ringleaders executed
• Inspiration for more widespread Pilgrimage of
  Grace.
• What conclusions can we draw from this?

142
POG
143
3 phases (Nick fellows)

1. Oct Mobilisation
2. Nov Truce arranged
3. Dec General pardon

144
Phase 1 Mobilisation

• S. Yorkshire
• 8th October (Lincolnshire still going
  inspiration/similarities?)
• Leadership lawyer Robert Aske leading
  Yorkshire family intelligent, skilled in
  debating, organisational skills
• 30,000 men marched on York
• Henrys men still in Lincolnshire dealing with
  aftermath of uprising there.

145
Phase 1 Mobilisation

• Name
• Banner 5 wounds of Christ
• Sang religious songs
• ALL swore an oath (What conclusions can be drawn
  from this oath?)
• Funded by donations some from church

146

• 21st October - Pontefract Castle surrendered by
  Lord Darcy.
• Organised and experienced from fighting the Scots
• BUT leaders wanted to negotiate and only used
  show of force to bring Henry to the table.
• 27th October met with D of Norfolk
  discussions.

147
Phase 2 3 Truce

• Henry rejected rebels demands said too vague.
• Promised a pardon to all but ringleaders.
• Aske 24 articles given to Norfolk who assured
  rebels that the King would look into them.

148
Aske - Manifesto

• Remove evil councillors
• Restoration of old faith
• Protection of monasteries.
• Also called for a free parliament in the north to
  discuss political and religious issues.

149

• Aske reached agreement with D of Norfolk on 6th
  Dec 1536 (end of P o G)
• stopped 1534 subsidy.
• Parliament free election in York.
• Doncaster peaceful dispersal given a free and
  general pardon (showed Henrys weakness),
• Rebels dispersed
• Aske London and given gifts and praise by
  Henry.
• Believed Henrys word he played for time as
  knew outnumbered.

150
Role on nobility?

• Importance Argued areas where the nobles
  rebelled so did the commoners. Where the nobles
  remained loyalty to Henry so did that area.
• Elton Involved in a plot by conservative
  faction. Moved from London to north where they
  thought it would come to fruition more
  successfully.
• Guy nobles and gentry joined as hated Cromwell.
  But while element of conspiracy most nobles
  surprised by revolt in Lincolnshire so
  pre-planned by nobles but fuse lit by ordinary
  only mass participation and commitment to cause
  explains speed with which it spread.

151
Cumberland rising1537

• Henrys promises had not been kept
  disillusionment of the common people
• Jan 1537 Sir Bigod commons uprising aim to
  capture Hull and Scarborough failed.
• Rebels defeated at Carlisle martial law
  gentry leaders executed.
• Scale of uprising was small BUT Henrys chance
  for revenge Darcy, Hussey, Aske and other Pog
  leaders. But this is not a continuation of PoG
  Indeed DIFFERENT leaders.

152
How much of a threat?

• Aim not to challenge the crown but to
  pressurise the government into changing its
  policy and personnel
• Michael Bush threat size of their armies
  Norfolk initially agreed to demands.
• Well organised and showed signs of advance.

153
How protestant was England by 1540?
154
Window Stand here if you agree with the
statement. Make sure you can justify your
position.
The Henrician Reformation was motivated by
political, personal and financial reasons rather
than religious.
Door Stand here if you disagree with the
statement. Make sure you can justify your
position.
155

• If you look back at your notes you will see
• that the English church changed a lot
• between 1532 4.
• Yet how far had England actually become
• Protestant?

156
Was there a move to Protestantism 1534-9?

• Yes
• English church different to other Catholic
  churches.
• The Pope was removed from the head of the Church.
  

• No
• Papal influence had been destroyed but there was
  no new reform. Henry would not be influenced
  towards Lutheranism.
• Lack of popular support so grassroots worship
  remained Catholic
• Evangelicals were restricted to the south and
  were small in number.

157

• However the key men in power were
• evangelicals. However, there was still a
• conservative faction in court.

• Evangelicals v
• Cranmer
• Cromwell
• AB via patronage (will look at her fall from
  power in 1536 later)

• Conservatives
• Stephen Gardiner (Bishop and politician)
• Thomas Howard (Uncle to AB and Catherine Howard)

158

• Just like a country needs a constitution a
• church needs to make clear is doctrinal
• position.
• So what would the new Church of Englands
• religious position be?

159

• Ten Articles, 1536 
• This next activity is tricky but have a go!
• You have 2 handouts. One shows you the difference
  between the Catholic and Protestant religion.
• ..\..\Worksheet\Reformation Supremacy\1532-1540\
  Catholicism v Protestantism http.doc
• The other has the Ten Articles.
• Your task is to use the first handout to work out
  which parts of the Ten Articles is catholic and
  which protestant.
• Not all the articles will be coloured

160

• Since March 1536 Cranmer had instigated an
  important preaching campaign.
• Reformers wanted to take a firm stance against
  purgatory and images, but conservatives still
  fought a rearguard action in Convocation
• Hence the Ten Articles were a compromise intended
  to reach unity.

161

• The Ten Articles were vague and did not establish
  a protestant religion.
• However they were ambiguous enough to allow
  Protestants to read their doctrine in the
  articles.
• The fact that only 3 of the sacraments were
  included was radical for the time.
• Newcombe these essentially orthodox articles
  left the door open to Protestant interpretation.

162

• Cromwells injunctions in August 1536 enforced
  the Ten Articles.
• Moderate stand against images in churches and
  limited holy days.

163

• Pendrill the injunctions did more than the Ten
• Articles in changing how people worshipped.
• Changed how people worshipped
• Emphasised using the bible written in English
• However
• Many parishes continued their traditional
  practices
• Many people could not afford or read the bible.

164
1536 Dissolution of lesser Monasteries

• See previous notes

165
1537 Institution of a Christian Man

• Bishops Book
• This tried to deal with some of the ambiguity
  e.g. what should happen to the remaining 4
  sacraments?
• Reinstatement of the other 4 sacraments reflected
  the demands of conservative bishops after a
  series of acrimonious disputes, but objections of
  Cranmer meant they were deemed of lesser
  importance than the 3 others and justified as
  such.

166

• Cranmer and Cromwells additions did not please
  Henry who made additions which undermined them-
  i.e. faith and works stressed.
• Restoration of some elements of conservative
  orthodoxy.
• Argued by Haig that this reflected Henrys fear
  of internal disorder- following the Pilgrimage of
  Grace, and his own rather hesitant stance on
  religious reform.
• Elton argued 'Though the Bishops' Book singled
  out the three sacraments acknowledged in 1536 as
  those solely instituted by Christ and therefore
  superior, it accepted all seven and thereby
  marked, if not a retreat, at least a failure to
  advance further towards the Lutheran position' -
  Elton, p274
• Henry refused to sanction this book. Too far from
  his Catholic ideology? Was it too radical?

167
1538 Dissolution of greater Monasteries.

• See previous notes

168
1537-8 Matthew Bible

• First official English translation
• Cromwell put his weight and money behind it..

169
The 1538 Injunctions

• October 1537 Jane Seymour died so diplomatic
  activity to find Henry a wife.
• May 1538 Envoys arrived from Schmalkaldic
  League (League of German Protestant Princes)
  came to discuss new set of articles.
• However Henry refused to contemplate the
  doctrinal concessions they demanded - despite the
  fact that England was still isolated and an
  Imperial- French alliance looked a possibility
  (see foreign policy notes later).

170
The 1538 Injunctions

• Cromwell made further attacks on conservative
  religion e.g. a friar was burned for the heresy
  of papalism in May, new sermons were preached.
• In September Cromwell published his more radical
  Injunctions e.g.
• attacks against pilgrimages, relics and shrines.
  Famous shrine of Thomas Becket destroyed
• an English Bible was to be placed in every Church
  - the so called Great Bible. All churches to buy
  Matthews Bible - price dropped - few rural
  parishes did buy it

171
But at the same time.

• Nov 1538. Henry issued a proclamation in which he
  launched an attack on Anabaptists and
  sacramentarians (denied the real presence in the
  sacrament) and outlawed clerical marriage.
• Nov 1538 Henry presided over the trial of John
  Lambert, who was burned as a sacramentarian.

172

• The aim of the Six Articles was to settle
  disputes
• over religious dogma.
• The articles affirmed belief in
• transubstantiation,
• communion in one kind only,
• monastic vows,
• celibacy of the clergy,
• private masses,
• auricular confession
• Those who rejected transubstantiation were to be
• burned at the stake

173
1539 Six Articles

• bloody whip with six strings
• Look at the worksheet on the Six Articles.
• At the bottom of the page write the articles out
  in modern English.
• How is this Article different from the 10
  Articles?

174
Why was reform halted?
175
The halting of reform, 1539

• Why was reform halted?
• Was it because of
• Not as supportive of evangelical reform as
  Cromwell.
• Threat of Catholic invasion was receding by 1539
• Henry was trying to appease the Catholic powers,
  
• he was nervous about the direction reforms were
  taking,
• Advance of conservative personnel at Court. March
  1539 - After 3 years in France, Gardiner returned
  to England July 1540 - Henry marries Catherine
  Howard and the Norfolk faction brought to the
  fore

176
Overview Mark in the important events. Then
judge the extent to which each event was
Catholic/Protestant and give them a score.

1. When are the high points of Protestant Reform?
2. Is there a consistent trend in religious policy?
3. What turning points can you discern?
4. Is there any point at which the Reformation can
   be seen to be irreversible?

177
Source A

• The state of this our kingdom is as follows the
  ceremonies are still tolerated, but explanations
  of them are added. These things are retained for
  the sake of preventing any disturbances, and are
  ordered to be kept up until the King himself
  shall either remove or alter them. Nothing has
  yet been settled respecting the marriage of the
  clergy. The mass is not asserted to be a
  sacrifice, but only a representation of Christ's
  passion. All images that are objects of worship
  are removed. There is a report that we are to
  have a war with the French, Italians, Spaniards
  and the Scots. When this was reported to the
  King, he said that he should not sleep at all the
  worse for it and on the day after he declared to
  his Privy Councillors that he now found himself
  moved in his conscience to promote the word of
  God more than he had ever done before.
• Letter from a group of English Protestants
  writing to their friends in Protestant Zurich in
  1539
• Study Source A what does this source suggest as
  the reasons for the passing of the Six Articles
  in June 1539? (10)