Reformation

1
Reformation
2
The Perfect Storm

• Political/Military Factors
• Strong Anti-Italian sentiment, some Nationalism
• Princes conflicts with emperor church
• Charles V wars Netherlands, Turks, Valois
• Pope Leo X, Clement VII sack of Rome

3
Storm Continues

• Social/Economic
• Disheartened labor class
• Nobles declining
• Church increased dues
• Lords, money lenders hated
• Church owned land
• Inflations due to exploration

• Cultural/Intellectual
• Worldly Rome
• Papal corruption
• Mysticism bypass church
• Humanism Erasmus
• Legacy of Wycliffe, Hus
• The Printing Press
• Increase vernacular print

4
Luthers Beliefs

• salvation can only occur between God and the
  individual
• Justification by faith alone does not mean that
  good works should not be completed
• Indulgences payment for mortal sins, treasury
  of merit, 1476- Pope Sixtus the IV could pay for
  all Christians in purgatory
• Pope Leo X used proceeds for St. Peters
  Basilica
• John Tetzel preached
• 95 Theses response (Wittenberg 10/31/1517)

5

• Dont you hear the voices of your dead parents
  and other relatives crying out, Have mercy on
  us, for we suffer great punishment and pain.
  From this you could release us with a few alms.
  We have created you, fed you, cared for you,
  and left you our temporal goods. Why do you
  treat us so cruelly and leave us to suffer n the
  flames, when it takes only a little to save us?
  - John Tetzel

6
Charles V

• Replaced Maximilian I
• Charles I became emperor Charles V
• Habsburg Ruler
• Supported by electors
• Including Frederick the Wise, found of University
  of Wittenberg, home of Luther
• Charles V agreed to consult with Diet for all
  major decisions, got support of Germans

7
THE POPE STRIKES BACK!

• The Address to the Christian Nobility of the
  German Nation, The Babylonian Captivity of the
  Church, Freedom of a Christian 1520
• June 1520 papal bull Exsurge Domine
• Diet of Worms May 1521 refused to recant

8
Peasants Revolt 1524-1525

• Christian freedoms equals political freedom
• Release from serfdom
• During revolution Luther referred to peasants
  as Un-Christian
• Over 80,000 peasants were killed
• Religion and politics are different to Luther
• Luther forever criticized for this

9
Ulrich Zwingli (1484-1531)

• Criticized mercenary actions of Swiss
• Indulgences, superstitions
• End clerical celibacy
• Not in scripture not legitimate
• Zurich became center puritanical Protestantism
• Civil War Catholic/Protestant war
• Zwingli killed 1531

10
The Radicals

• Adult baptism is the distinction
• Conrad Grebel pacifism,
• Rebaptism capital offense 1529
• Anabaptists set theocracy in Munster
• Spiritualists did not believe in religious
  institutions

11
Calvin and Geneva Reformation

• Geneva adopted Reformation before Calvins
  arrival
• Guilluame Farel forced John Calvin to stay
• People were afraid that Farel and Calvin were
  establishing a new papacy
• Church and state intertwined
• Predestination elect behaved well because they
  were the elect
• Protestants flocked to Geneva from all around
  Europe

12
A Temporary Peace

• Diet of Augsburg (1530) called to address
  religious divisions in Holy Roman Empire
• Charles V attended still distracted by wars in
  France, Turks
• 1531 Schmalkaldic League
• Denmark King Christian III
• Sweden King Gustavus Vasa
• Poland numerous religious groups accepted
• 1547 Charles V attacked Schmalkadic League
• Peace of Augsburg 1555 ruler of the land can
  choose their own religion, people could migrate
  Anabaptists and Calvinists are not recognized

13
REFORMATION PARLIAMENT

• 1529-1536
• 1531 group of clergy (Convocation) recognized
  Henry as head of the Church in England
• 1532 Parliament publishes grievances against
  the church
• 1532 Submission of the Clergy
• 1533 Henry marries pregnant Anne Boleyn
• 1534 Act of Succession, English Church does not
  pay to Rome
• Act of Supremacy
• Sir Thomas executed for not recognizing the Act
  of Supremacy

14
No Luck in Marriage
15
Bad Marriages Still

• Catherine Howard 1540 1542 beheaded for
  Adultery
• Catherine Parr 1543-1547 Widowed

16
Henry VIIIs Religion

• Henry was very conservative
• Ten Articles of 1536 very similar to Catholics
• Priests could not marry
• Six Articles of 1539 whip with six stings
• Edward VI only ten when Henry died
• Protestants made reform Book of Common Prayer,
  simple churches, two sacrements, etc.
• Mary would succeed Edward VI she is Catholic

17
The Return of the CatholicsCatholic
Counter-Reformation

• Capuchins ideals of St. Francis
• Ursulines
• St. Theresa of Avila starts the Carmelites
• Society of Jesus Jesuits Ignatius of Loyola
  wounded in battle, read Christian classics
  devoted to Spiritual Exercises
• Submit without question to higher authority of
  church not the same today

18
Council of Trent

• Called by Pope Paul III lasted 18 years
  (1545-1563)
• No selling of church offices
• Parish Priests, Bishops held accountable
• Re-Emphasized Eucharist, role of good works,
  seven sacraments, transubstantiation

19
REFORMATIONS SOCIAL IMPACT

• Decrease in political power of churches,
  vernacular masses, only 20 of Europeans
  considered self protestant by 1650
• Preserved the humanist teachinings, the Jesuits
  tried to avoid this, although today they operate
  Humanist Colleges such as HOLY CROSS

20
Reformation and Women

• Humanists encouraged women to get educated
• Protestants often stressed the importance of
  family more so than Catholics
• Authority in house should be equal
• Women were taught to the level of literacy but
  not encouraged to go further Why?
• Role is a housewife

21
FAMILY MATTERS

• Marriages were later why? men in mid to late
  twenties, women early to mid 20s
• Problems this created
• Marriages were arranged but not in traditional
  sense
• Family size 2 to 4 children survived
• Birth Control existed but was not very effective
  or approved by church
• Wet Nursing practiced by upper classes
  condemned by church problems?