Politics, Diplomacy, and War from Jefferson to Jackson

1
Politics, Diplomacy, and War from Jefferson to
Jackson

• Teaching American History
• Year II, Lecture 4

2
The Jefferson Years, 1801-1809

• A New Era
• The end of the Federalist Era
• Federalist achievements through 1800
• Federalist power plays began their demise
• Triumph of the Jeffersonian vision
• Government policy
• Economic development a low priority
• Repeal tax on whiskey, leave national bank
• Debt reduction through budget cuts
• Dismantle Federalist state
• Repeal Alien and Sedition Acts
• Reduce judiciary, replace Federalist judges

3
The Jefferson Years, 1801-1809

• Marbury v. Madison
• The battle over the federal judiciary
• Judiciary Act of 1801
• Jeffersons bitterness toward Federalist
  judiciary
• Adams midnight justices
• William Marbury sues to get commission for
  judgeship
• John Marshalls predicament
• John Marshalls ruling
• The origins of judicial review
• Other judicial battlegrounds

4
Jeffersons Presidency Triumphs and Failures

• The Louisiana Purchase
• Spain, France, and New Orleans
• Napoleons American ambitions and Jeffersons
  fears
• Jefferson scores big with purchase

5
Jeffersons Presidency Triumphs and Failures

• Triumph abolish international slave trade
• Failure the Embargo of 1807
• Napoleonic wars heat up in 1803
• Britain intercepts American ships, impresses crew
  members the USS Chesapeake
• Jefferson imposes embargo on trade with all
  foreign nations
• Consequences exports plummet, smuggling,
  Federalists rejuvenated
• Embargo ineffective, repealed 1809

6
Toward the War of 1812 Indian Conflict

• Indians on paper U.S. Indian policy
• Chaos under the Confederation
• Indian Intercourse Act (1790)
• Civilizationprogram
• Indians on the ground encroachment, war,
  dependency, depopulation
• Little Turtle, the Battle of Fallen Timbers, and
  the Treaty of Greeneville (1795)
• Toward reform, revitalization, and renewal
  Tenskwatawa, the Shawnee Prophet
• His life of dissipation and conversion
• Reform program reject white culture, embrace old
  ways
• And the Master of Life would restore glory
• Defeat at Battle of Tippencanoe (1811)
  discredited Tenskwatawa

7
Toward the War of 1812 Indian Conflict

• Tecumseh and the pan-Indian alliance
• Not reform, but united resistance
• Recruited north and south for Indian allies
• Goal to drive out whites, extermination
• After Tippecanoe, Tecumseh allied with British,
  continued to fight

8
War of 1812 Trade and Politics

• Causes
• France concedes to Non-Intercourse Act, but
  Britain refuses to repeal impressment policy
• British encouraging Indian insurgency in
  Northwest
• Congress declares war against Britain, July 1812
• Vote reveals split along sectional lines
• Britain had actually agreed to terms, but too
  late

9
Losing the War

• U.S. hobbled by disunity, military weakness
• Battle plan invade Canada, capture Montreal
• Plan failed, Detroit surrendered, much of
  northwest lost to British

10
Gains and Losses

• Battle of the Thames
• Made possible by Perrys naval victory on Lake
  Erie
• Harrison defeats British, kills Tecumseh
• But with Napoleons defeat in Europe
• British conquer and burn nations capital
• Invasion of Baltimore repulsed
• Trenty of Ghent (1815) restores status quo

11
Outcomes of the War

• The Hartford Convention and the demise of the
  Federalist Party
• Economic change and fissures in the Republican
  Party
• Trade disruption stimulates manufacturing
• National Republicans embrace economic
  development, especially internal improvements
• Old Republicans remained committed to limited
  federal power, states rights

12
Outcomes of the War

• The Rise of Andrew Jackson
• Victory over Creeks at Horseshoe Bend and
  consequences
• Battle of New Orleans
• Puts Jackson in national limelight

13
A War of Ironies

• Could have been prevented with swifter
  communication
• Greatest battle fought after treaty signed
• Ended in a draw, but had major outcomes
• Re-energized then destroyed Federalists, who
  opposed it
• Put National Republicans in power
• Sparked industrialization, market revolution
• Launched career of Andrew Jackson
• Began era of Indian removal