Chapter 16: Total War

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Chapter 16 Total War the Republic

• Preview As the first total war in history, the
  Civil War was fought not just by armies but
  through the mobilization of each societys human
  and economic resources.
• The Highlights
• The Demands of Total War
• Opening Moves
• Emancipation
• The Confederate Home Front
• The Union Home Front
• Gone to Be a Soldier
• The Unions Triumph
• The Impact of War

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Learning Outcomes Total War

• Understand why the Civil War is termed the first
  total war
• Understand the changing nature of 19th century
  warfare
• Account for the difference leadership of Lincoln
  and Davis
• Understand how the destruction of slavery became
  a war aim
• Be able to describe the monumental changes the
  war brought

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The Civil War (16)

• Adjusting to Total War
• Prospects, plans
• expectations
• The Home Front
• Political Leadership
• Lincoln the Union Cabinet
• The border States

Abraham Lincoln
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The Demands of Total War

• Political Leadership
• Jefferson Davis,
• Confederate President,
• experienced
• The Confederate Cabinet
• Abraham Lincoln,
• savvy coalition-builder

Jefferson Davis
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The Demands of Total War

• The Border States
• Suppression of civil liberties in Maryland
• Kentucky decides to remain neutral
• Border states are strategic keys

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Opening Moves

• Blockade Isolate
• Small Union navy struggles to block Confederate
  coastline ports
• Confederacy uses ironclads to attempt to break
  Union blockade
• Souths diplomatic hope rests on king cotton
  diplomacy
• England France
• Loans Recognition

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• Grant in the West
• Gen. Grant wins first decisive Union victory in
  the western theater
• Battle of Shiloh (April 1862) is an important
  Union victory
• Eastern Stalemate
• End of 1862, Union Confederate armies in the
  East fight to a stalemate
• Gen. McClellan moves too slowly for Lincoln
• Robert E. Lees generalship is superb, though his
  armys invasion of Maryland fails at the Battle
  of Antietam (Sept. 1862)

The winter of 1862 was the Norths Valley Forge,
as morale sank to an all-time low. In the West,
Grant had emerged as the dominant figure, but the
Army of the Potomac still lacked a capable
commander, the deaths kept mounting, and no end
to the war was in sight.
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Emancipation

• The Logic of Events
• Lincolns priority was preserving the Union
• Congressional attack on slavery began with
  Confiscation Act of 1861
• Lincolns decision for emancipation motivated by
  desire to strike a military blow to the
  Confederacy

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• The Emancipation Proclamation
• September 22, 1863 Lincoln announced the terms
  of the Proclamationall slaves would be free
  unless seceded states returned to the Union by
  Jan. 1, 1863
• Reaction in the North was mixed in Europe
  reaction was positive
• African Americans Civil War
• Slaves within Union lines500,000
• Black Soldiers
• Nearly 200,000 African Americans served in the
  Union forces

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The Confederate Home Front

• The New Economy
• Confederacys attempts to industrialize are
  impressive
• New Opportunities for Southern Women
• New responsibilities opportunities in
  husbands absence at home
• New jobs off the farm as well

The Confederacy sustained itself far better in
industrial goods than it did in agricultural
produce. It was symbolic that when Lee
surrendered, his troops had sufficient guns and
ammunition to continue, but had not eaten in two
days.
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• Confederate Finance Government
• Finance is most serious problem for the South
• Soaring inflation
• Centralization of power
• Opposition to Davis
• Hostility to conscription
• Hardship Suffering
• War corrodes discipline social order
• 1863 Richmond bread riots

The war was a cancer that ate away not only at
southern society but at the southern soul itself.
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The Union Home Front

• Government Finances the Economy
• Comprehensive measures to raise money employed
• Western development encouraged
• A Rich Mans War
• Corruption fraud rampant
• Moral decline became epidemic

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• Women the Workplace
• Northern women fill 100,000 new jobs
• Fill important medical positions
• Came to dominate ranks of teachers
• Civil Liberties and Dissent
• 1861-2 Lincoln suspends the writ of habeas
  corpus
• The Copperheads oppose the war
• 1863 New York City draft riot

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Gone to Be a Soldier

• Discipline
• Behavior standards come as a shock to many
  soldiers
• Camp Life
• Disease medical care are constant problems
• Decline of morality
• The Changing Face of Battle
• Impact of technology immense
• Strength of the defense aided by new artillery
  pieces
• Soldiers outlook hardens as a result of war of
  attrition
• Hardening Attitudes
• Reality of combat does not fit expectations for a
  short war
• Eroding moral values beset armies

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The Unions Triumph

• Confederate High Tide
• Chancellorsville Jacksons death
• Battle of Gettysburg (July 1863) represents the
  Souths best chance at a major victory on
  northern soil
• Lincoln Finds His General
• Capture of Vicksburg by Gen. Grant catapults him
  to stardom
• Grant becomes commander of all Union armies in
  1864

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• War in the Balance
• 1864 election in question until Sherman captures
  of Atlanta
• Lincoln re-elected over McClellan
• Thirteenth Amendment abolishing slavery passes in
  1865 sent to states for ratification
• The Twilight of the Confederacy
• Confederacy abandons slavery in 1865 in order to
  enlist slaves into the armies
• Shermans march to the sea breaks the Souths
  will to fight
• Lee surrenders, April 9, 1865

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The Impact of the War

• Cost of war immense, economically socially
• 620,000 killed
• Spurs industrialization
• Impact on worldwide cotton trade
• Spiritual toll of the war lasts for decades

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Secession and War

• Across Five Aprils
• 1861-1865
• Fight to the Finish
• Emancipation
• African American Roles
• in the War

Robert E. Lee
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Secession and War

• Fight to the Finish
• The Tide Turns
• Last Stages
• Sherman Atlanta
• Grant The Wilderness
• Lee Petersburg Appomattox

Ulysses S. Grant
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Keywords and Terms

• Fort Sumter
• Jefferson Davis
• First Manassas / Bull Run
• Robert E. Lee
• Ulysses S. Grant
• George B. McClellan
• Battle of Shiloh (War in West)
• Antietam/Sharpsburg
• contraband
• Gettysburg

• Vicksburg
• King Cotton Diplomacy
• Trent Affair-Mason Slidell
• William T. Sherman
• Emancipation Proclamation, 1863
• Habeas corpus suspension
• N.Y. Draft Riots, 1863
• 13th Amendment
• Election of 1864