The%20Civil%20War

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• Chapter 20 Girding for War

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Why It Matters

• Northern economy grew stronger
• Southern economy destroyed.
• War the first modern war.
• Slavery abolished.
• States rights crushed
• Reconstruction

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The Menace of Secession

• Abe slips into Washington becomes the butt of
  jokes
• Lincolns inaugural
• No State, upon its own mere motion, can lawfully
  get out of the Union, that resolves and
  ordinances to that effect are legally void, and
  that acts of violence, within any State or
  States, against the authority of the United
  States, are insurrectionary or revolutionary,
  according to circumstances.
• While Lincoln expressly called for a peaceful
  resolution, this was the final straw for many in
  the South who saw the speech as a veiled threat.
• No conflict unless South provokes
• We can not separate physically
• Endorses the 13th Amendment

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Why the South Must Stay

• Economic
• Cotton hugely important
• Inland waterways and commerce
• Territories
• Tariffs
• Defense
• US would have two long borders
• The South would embrace the UK
• Coastal forts
• Political
• Threat to Union
• Washing DC in the South
• Border states

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Does a state have a right to secede from the
union?

• The Politics of War

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Yes

• Declaration of Independence
• South Carolina Exposition Protest
• Based on a compact between the 13 states
• Once the Constitution broken so was the compact
• Constitution - Art. 1, Sec. 10
• Powers denied to state - succession not mentioned
• 10th Amendment all powers not given to the Feds
  reserved to the states

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No!

• Art. 1 Sec. 10
• States can not engage in war
• Article 6 Supremacy clause
• Treason
• Declaration of Independence
• Constitution supreme law of the land
• Article 1, sec. 3
• No state shall, without consent of Congress enter
  into any agreement or compact with another state

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• Fort Sumter

Beauregard
Anderson

• CS peacefully takes over US installations
• Major Anderson seizes Sumter - US Commander
• Lincoln told South Carolina of his intention to
  provision the fort and they took it as reinforce
• Carolinians opened fire on April 12, 1861 the
  battle was over 34 hours later. Considered the
  official start of the war by many.
• P.G.T. Beauregard commanded the CS troops
• 50 CS Cannons, 3000 shells, no one killed!

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Lincoln Expands the Conflict

• Lincoln calls for 75,000 men for 90 days Seen
  by South as act of aggression.
  Constitutionally shaky ground.
• Governor Jackson of Missouri, your requisition
  is illegal, unconstitutional, revolutionary,
  inhuman, diabolical, and cannot be complied
  with, and Governor Harris of Tennessee, will
  not furnish a single man for the purpose of
  coercion, but fifty thousand to defend our rights
  and those of our Southern brothers.
• Typical war fever on both sides
• May-June Arkansas, Tennessee, North Carolina
  and Virginia join Confederacy -
  Richmond becomes the capital. Just
  100 miles from DC
• Short war seen on both sides

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Border States

• Slave states that shared a border with free
  states to the north.
• Lincoln reportedly said that he hoped to have God
  on his side but he Kentucky
• Maryland, Kentucky and Missouri
• Men fight on both sides
• Maryland - Garrisoned, by US troops
• Kentucky- Admitted to CS Dec 1861
• Missouri - Admitted to CS Nov 1861
• Delaware, remains loyal
• Lincoln declares he is not fighting to free the
  slaves
• The five civilized Tribes side with the
  Confederacy

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Lincoln to Remaining Southern states

• We are not enemies, but friends. We must not be
  enemies. Though passion may have strained, it
  must not break our bonds of affection. The mystic
  chards of memory, stretching from every
  battlefield and patriot grave, to every living
  heart and headstone, all over this broad land,
  will yet swell the chorus of the union when again
  touched, as surely they will be, by the better
  angels of our nature.

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• South

• Confederate States of America
• Constitution
• Guarantee slavery state rights
• S.C., Fla., Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi,
  Louisiana, TX
• Capital - Montgomery, Ala.
• Jefferson Davis - president

1st Va Militia
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Balance of Forces

• Lincoln offered Robert E. Lee to command the
  Unions troops.
• Lee at first opposed the Confederacy
• When Virginia seceded he chose to join with his
  family and neighbors and fight for Virginia
• One-third of the Unions military officers chose
  to support the Confederacy. Not all Southern
  officers went South
• The South had a stronger military tradition.

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Advantages and Disadvantages

• The Norths population was more than twice as
  large as the Souths population.

• This gave the North an advantage in raising an
  army and in supporting the war.
• One-third of the Souths population was enslaved.

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Advantages and Disadvantages

• The North had 90 percent of the countrys
  factories.
• It produced 90 percent of the nations pig iron,
  which is used to make weapons and equipment.
• Almost all of the countrys firearms and
  gunpowder were produced in the North.

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Section 1-10
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Advantages and Disadvantages

• The South was able to produce large amounts of
  food.

• After the war began, the South quickly set up
  armories and foundries to produce weapons,
  gunpowder, and ammunition
• Southerners often made better soldiers
• Shortages dogged the south
• The South had few railroad lines for moving food
  and troops
• The North had massive financial advantages over
  the South.
• The North controlled the national treasury and
  was able to continue collecting money from
  tariffs.
• The Federal blockade slowly becomes effective

• ..\Chapter 20 Girding for War The North and the
  South, 1861-1865\TeacherTube Videos - The Rebel
  Yell Lives- Part I.flv

(page 439)
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Dethroning King Cotton

• Productive crops from 1857-1860 had left Britain
  with a surplus so when the North blockaded
  exports, Europe was still well supplied
• When supplies in Britain began to run low, they
  simply depended on Northern confiscated imports
• India and Egypt increase production

• The real crops that swayed British support
  occurred with grains. Poor harvests in Europe
  forced the British to depend on Northern grain
  exports
• Fear of losing these kept the British out of the
  war directly.

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Balance of Forces

• The Union opens up immigration
• 800,000, mostly Irish and German
• Lincoln has a problem finding good generals
• Northern banks loaned the federal government
  money by buying government bonds.
• Congress passed the Legal Tender Act in February
  1862. ?
• This created a national currency and allowed the
  government to issue green-colored paper money
  known as greenbacks. ?
• The Confederacys financial situation was not
  good to start, and it continued to worsen.

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Foreign Diplomacy

• The Trent Affair - late in 1861, the North
  commandeered a British steamer and forcibly took
  two confederate diplomats on their way to Britain
• The British protested , Sends troops to Canada
  and Lincoln capitulated
• Another crisis arose over the building of
  Confederate commerce-raiders in England
• The most successful was the Alabama (seen below)

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CSS Alabama

• CSS Alabama commissioned on 24 August 1862. Under
  Captain Raphael Semmes
• Alabama caused disorder and devastation across
  the globe for Union merchant shipping.
• The Confederate cruiser claimed 65 prizes valued
  at nearly 6,000,000 (approximately 123,000,000
  in today's dollars
• On June 19, 1864 Alabama sailed out of Cherbourg
  France to engage Kearsarge, in an hour long
  battle the Alabama was sunk
• Americans blame the UK eye Canada
• The U. S. Government pursued the against the
  British Government for the devastation caused,
  and following a court of arbitration, won heavy
  damages.

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Foreign Flare-ups

• William Seward

• Britain does not deliver two ships to the
  Confederates
• The Irish raise armies to invade Canada
• Canada becomes more united
• Napoleon III of France took advantage of the war
  by installing a puppet government in Mexico City
  in direct violation of the Monroe Doctrine
• When the war ended, Secretary of State William
  Seward threatened to send troops and Napoleon
  retreated.

• Napoleon III

• Maximilians execution

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Jefferson Davis

• Resigned from the Senate when his home state of
  Mississippi seceded
• Appointed then later elected President of the
  Confederate States of America
• Reluctantly accepted the office
• He was constantly at odds with the states which
  had seceded over States rights issues
• At odds with state governments when he asked for
  volunteers, money and supplies
• He was never really able to unify the Confederacy
  for its own defense.

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Abraham Lincoln

• Reared in a poor family on the western frontier,
  Lincoln was mostly self-educated. He became a
  country lawyer, an Illinois state legislator, and
  a one-term member of the United States House of
  Representatives
• Lincoln's policies and personality were "blasted
  from all sides
• Lincoln proclaimed a blockade
• Increased the federal army
• Appropriated 2 million to three men for military
  purposes
• Allowed "supervised" voting in the border-states

• Circa 1860

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Limitations on Wartime Liberties

• In the words of historian James G. Randall "No
  president has carried the power of presidential
  edict and executive order (independently of
  Congress) so far as Lincoln did.... It would
  not be easy to state what Lincoln conceived to be
  the limit of his powers.
• He suspended writ of habeas corpus
• Arrested elected officials, including an Ohio
  congressman
• He defied the Supreme Court
• Closed over 300 newspapers and arrested many
  editors
• Lincoln declared martial law and authorized such
  forums to try civilians by military tribunal
• Union Army conducted at least 4,271 trials by
  military commission

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A Volunteer Army

• In the beginning both sides relied on volunteers
  to fill the need for soldiers
• It wasn't until 1863 that Congress passed a
  conscription law when volunteering began to slack
  in the North

• The Confederacy had a tougher time and in both
  North and South the wealthy could buy their way
  out of enlistment.

• LEFT A London News engraving titled Enlisting
  Irish and German Immigrants depicts a scene in
  New York with Union recruiters talking to recent
  arrivals. The sign in the background promises
  they will be paid a total of 600 for there
  service.

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Soldiers needed

• US Conscription Act of 1863
• Age 20-45, quotas by state
• 300 men
• 200,000 Union deserters
• New York City draft riots
• Confederate draft
• Large slave owners exempt
• Ages 17 to 50

9th Mississippi Infantry
6th Maine Infantry
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Economic Stresses of War

• The North passed the Morrill Tariff Act,
  increasing tariff rates by about 5 to 10, but
  war soon drove those rates even higher.
• The National Banking System was a landmark of the
  war for the North, created to establish a
  standard bank-note currency, and banks that
  joined the National Banking System could buy
  government bonds and issue sound paper money.
• In the South, runaway inflation plagued the
  Confederates, and overall, in the South inflation
  went up to 9000, as opposed to just 80 in the
  North.

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The Norths Economic Boon

• The North actually emerged from the Civil War
  more prosperous than before, since new factories
  had been formed and a millionaire class was born
  for the first time in history.
• Manufacturers of weapons and clothing made huge
  profits off of both sides. Innovations in
  machinery were enjoyed particularly in the North
  which managed to increase productivity even while
  most of its' work force was fighting the war
• Age of shoddy

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War Aims

• Federals
• Restore the Union
• Confederates
• Right to self government
• Defend home and families

• My paramount object in this struggle is to save
  the Union, and is not either to save or to
  destroy slavery. If I could save the Union
  without freeing any slave I would do it, and if I
  could save it by freeing all the slaves I would
  do it and if I could save it by freeing some and
  leaving others alone I would also do that. What I
  do about slavery, and the colored race, I do
  because I believe it helps to save the Union

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A Crushed Cotton Kingdom

• The South was ruined by the war, as
  transportation collapsed and supplies of
  everything became scarce, and by the end of the
  war, the South claimed only 12 of the national
  wealth as opposed to 30 before the war, and its
  per capita income was now 2/5 that of
  Northerners, as opposed to 2/3 of Northerners
  before the war
• Capitalism lost out to industrial capitalism