Hacia dnde va la Nanotecnologa

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Hacia dónde va la Nanotecnología?
Seminario Científico Internacional 2009 de
invierno (SCI 2009i) Centro de Convenciones
Internacionales del INICTEL-UNI Lima, Perú, 1º de
agosto de 2009
Fernando A. Ponce Department of Physics Arizona
State University Tempe, Arizona, USA
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Temario Hacia dónde va la nanotecnología?

• La naturaleza de la materia
• El concepto del átomo
• La microscopía
• Jugando con átomos
• Nano-fabricación
• Nanotecnología hoy
• A donde vamos?

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De Imaginación al Conocimiento
Imaginación
Ingeniería
Ciencia
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Movimiento Browniano
Three different views of Brownian motion, with
32 steps, 256 steps, and 2048 steps denoted
by progressively lighter colors.
Jan Ingenhousz first observed irregular motion of
carbon dust in alcohol in 1765. Jittering motion
was discovered by botanist Robert Brown in 1827.
He was observing minute particles within the
vacuoles of pollen grains.
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1905El Año Extraordinario de la Física1.
Movimiento Browniano2. Effecto fotoeléctrico3.
Relatividad especial4. Equivalencia
masa-energía
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Ciencia en el Siglo XX

• Movimiento BrownianoCerteza de la existencia del
  átomo
• La mecánica cuántica
• La física del estado sólido
• Microscopías TEM y STMVisualización de la
  estructura atómica
• Manipulando átomos
• Tecnología a nivel atómicoNanotecnología

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1986 Nobel Prize in Physics
Ernst August Friedrich Ruska Born in Heidelberg,
25 Dec 1906. Died in Berlin, 25 mayo
1988Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellsch
aft. Built first electron microscope in
1931. Nobel Prize in Physics 1986, "for his
fundamental work in electron optics, and for the
design of the first electron microscope"
with Gerd Binning and Heinrich Rohrer
(Scanning tunneling microscope)
Knoll, M., and Ruska, E. Das Elektronenmikroskop.
(The electron microscope.) Z. Physik 78, 318-339
(1932).
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1986 Nobel Prize in Physics
Gerd Binning and Heinrich Rohrer Born
in Frankfurt, Germany, 1947 and in St. Gallen,
Switzerland, 1933. IBM Zurich Research Laboratory
Rüschlikon, Switzerland Built first scanning
tunneling microscope in 1981. Nobel Prize in
Physics 1986, "for their design of the scanning
tunneling microscope" with Ruska
(electron microscope) G. Binnig, H. Rohrer, Ch.
Gerber, and E. Weibel, Phys. Rev. Lett. 49, 57
(1982).
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La microscopía electrónica
La comprensión del arreglo atómico en materiales
semiconductores ha permito alcanzar un control de
las propiedades de materiales, con una precisión
muy cercana al nivel atómico. El desarrollo
vertiginoso de la microscopía electrónica en los
anos 1970, ha permitido la observación directa de
la estructura atómica. La aplicación de la
ciencia de materiales a los semiconductores ha
generado la microelectrónica, la tecnología de
registro magnético, la optoelectrónica, y
finalmente el Internet.
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El arreglo atómico en materiales
Lattice image of CdS viewed in the lt1120gt
projection. The insert shows the atomic
arrangement in this projection. The stacking
sequence along the c-axis is indicated.
R. Sinclair, T. Yamashita, and F. A. Ponce,
Nature 290, 386 (1981)
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Dislocación en un semiconductor
R. Sinclair, T. Yamashita, and F. A. Ponce,, JOM
31, 83 (1979)
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Tecnología del siglo XX

• Microelectrónica
• Almacenamiento magnético
• Almacenamiento óptico
• Opto-electrónica
• Computadoras ? Internet

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La microelectrónica
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Precipitación de oxígeno en silicio
Lang X-ray topographs showing Swirl patterns in
CZ silicon after device processing. Sections of
(a) wafer with integrated circuits, (b) cut along
growth direction of boule. MoKa radiation, (220)
reflections.
F. A. Ponce, T. Yamashita, and S. Hahn, Appl.
Phys. Lett. 43, 1051 (1983).
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Nano-particulas de oxido en silicio
High resolution TEM images of amorphous silica
precipitates following annealing at 850?C and
1200 ?C .
F. A. Ponce, T. Yamashita, and S. Hahn, Appl.
Phys. Lett. 43, 1051 (1983).
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El microscopio de fuerza atómica
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Que es la Nanotecnología

• Ahora todo lo que es menor que una micra.
• Futuro Todo lo que es del tamaño de un
  nanómetro.
• Eventualmente Todo lo que involucra control de
  la materia a nivel atómico.

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Hay bastante campo al fondo
(There is plenty of room at the bottom)
This classic talk that Richard Feynman gave on
December 29th 1959 at the annual meeting of the
American Physical Society at Caltech was first
published in the February 1960 issue of Caltech's
Engineering and Science. ? Richard Feynmann 1962
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Fantastic Voyage
Science Fiction Movie by Harry
Kleiner 1966 Issac Asimov Novel followed with
same theme. Micrometer-sized submarine injected
into the blood stream of the key scientist to
destroy the blood clot in his brain
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Viendo átomos en semiconductores
F. A. Ponce and J. Aranovich., Applied Physics
Letters 38, 439 (1981)
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Comprendiendo la estructura atómica de
superficies e interfaces
Sería necesario desarrollar superficies
catalíticas especiales que sean baratas y con
larga duración.
F. A. Ponce et al., Applied Physics Letters 39,
951 (1981)
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Imaginación
La habilidad de ver átomos
1984 Ralph Merkle, Xerox PARC, California
Eric Drexler, IBM Almaden, California Foresight
Conferences on Molecular Nanotechnology
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Imaginación
La habilidad de ver los átomos Nos lleva a
imaginar conjuntos de átomos http//www.zyvex.c
om/nano/
1984 Ralph Merkle, Xerox PARC, California
Eric Drexler, IBM Almaden, California
Y da nacimiento a lananotecnología
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Foresight Conferences on Molecular Nanotechnology
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The term nanotechnology was coined by the Tokyo
Science University Professor Norio Taniguchi in
1974 to describe the precision manufacture of
materials with nanometer tolerances, and was
unknowingly appropriated by Drexler in his 1986
book Engines of Creation The Coming Era of
Nanotechnology to describe what later became
known as molecular nanotechnology (MNT). In that
book, he proposed the idea of a nanoscale
"assembler" which would be able to build a copy
of itself and of other items of arbitrary
complexity. http//e-drexler.com/p/idx04/00/0404d
rexlerBioCV.html
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The first Foresight Conference on Molecular
Nanotechnology.

• Dr. Eric Drexler giving an overview of the
  subject
• Dr. Ralph Merkle on computational approaches
• Dr. Bruce Schardt on proximal probes (STM, AFM)
• Prof. Marvin Minsky on computation
• Ted Kaehler on designing molecular components
• Dr. Martin Edelstein on biotechnology
• Howard Landman on the different fields that can
  contribute
• Neil Jacobstein on RD programs
• Dr. Jamie Dinkelacker on the transition
• Michael Pique on molecular modeling
• Dr. Michael Pinneo on diamond synthesis
• Dr. Michael Kelly on new materials
• Duncan Forbes on environmental applications
• Stewart Brand on the slow scenario
• Dr. Eric Drexler on space applications
• Dr. Charles Sweet on work in Japan
• Dr. Gregory Fahy on medical applications
• John Doerr on venture capital
• Chris Peterson on history of the field

Stanford University and Xerox PARC Palo Alto,
California 27-29 October 1989 http//www.foresight
.org/
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Steve Jurvetson, Venture Capitalist
Steve Jurvetson is a Managing Director of Draper
Fisher Jurvetson, a leading venture capital firm
with affiliate offices around the world.  He was
the founding VC investor in Hotmail (MSFT),
Interwoven (IWOV), and Kana (KANA). He also led
the firm's investments in Tradex and Cyras,
acquired for 8 billion. Previously, Steve was an
RD Engineer at Hewlett-Packard, where seven of
his communications chip designs were fabricated.
His prior technical experience also includes
programming, materials science research (TEM
atomic imaging of GaAs), and computer design at
HP's PC Division, the Center for Materials
Research, and Mostek. http//www.dfj.com/team/Stev
eJurvetson.shtml
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National Nanotechnology Initiative
Visionary nanotechnology venture capitalist Steve
Jurvetson stood behind President Bush during
todays signing ceremony in the Oval Office of
the 21st Century Nanotech Research and
Development Act. The bill puts the President's
National Nanotechnology Initiative into law and
authorizes 3.7 billion over the next four years
for the creation of the National Nanotechnology
Coordination Office and the funding of federal
government nanotechnology programs.
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Sumio Iijima Tohoku University, Ph. D.
1979 Arizona State University, 1970-82 RDC,
Japan, 1982-87 NEC, 1987-2002 Meijo University,
2003- Discovers (accidentally) carbon nanotubes
1991 Discovers forms of Buckyballs 1997
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Nanotube Structure

• Roll a graphene sheet in a certain direction

• Armchair structure
• Zigzag structure
• Chiral structure

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Carbon Nanotubes for Hydrogen Storage
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Hydrogen Storage in Carbon NTs
A computational representation of H2 adsorption
in an optimized array of (10,10) nanotubes at 298
K and 200 Bar. The red spheres represent H2
molecules and the blue spheres represent carbon
atoms in the nanotubes, showing 3 kinds of
binding sites. (K. Johnson
et al.)
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Aspectos de nanotecnología

• Nanomateriales Fullerenes, carbon nanotubes,
  nanosensors.
• Molecular self-assembly self-assembled
  monolayers, supramolecular assembly, DNA
  nanotechnology.
• Nanoelectronics Molecular electronics,
  nanolithography.
• Scanning probe microscopy atomic force
  microscopy, scanning tunneling microscopy.
• Molecular nanotechnology molecular assembler,
  nanorobotics, mechanosynthesis.
• Regulation Unknown effects on our world
• Source Wikipedia

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Aplicaciones de nanotecnología

• Medicine diagnosis, drug delivery, tissue
  medicine.
• Chemistry and environment catalysis, filtration.
• Energy efficient production/consumption, green
  energy systems, recycling of batteries.
• Information memory storage, semiconductors,
  optoelectronics, displays, quantum computers.
• Heavy industry Aerospace, construction,
  refineries, cars.
• Consumer goods Foods, nano-foods, household,
  optics textiles, cosmetics.
• Source Wikipedia

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Nanoelectronics and Computing RoadmapImpact on
Space Transportation, Space Science and Earth
Science
2002
2005
2010
2015
Sensor Web
Robot Colony
Nano-electronic components
Europa Sub
Ultra high density storage
RLV
Biomimetic, radiation resistant molecular
computing
Biological Molecules
CNT Devices
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Flexibility and Rigidity in Biomolecules
(Barnase) Mike Thorpe group, Arizona State
University
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De Ficción al Conocimiento
Imaginación
Ingeniería
Ciencia