Chapter 20 The Industrial Revolution Begins

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Chapter 20 - The Industrial Revolution Begins

• Section 3 Hardships of Early Industrial Life

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• Setting the Scene
• The Industrial Revolution brought great riches to
  most of the entrepreneurs who helped set it in
  motion. For the millions of workers who crowded
  into the new factories, however, the industrial
  age brought poverty and harsh living conditions.
  Working people could look forward only to lives
  marked by dangerous working conditions unsafe,
  unsanitary, and overcrowded housing and
  unrelenting poverty.

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I. The New Industrial City

• The Industrial Revolution brought rapid
  urbanization, the movement of people to cities

Street urchins
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I. The New Industrial City

• Changes in farming, soaring population, and an
  increasing demand for workers led to this
  migration

Population Explotion
Seed Drill
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I. The New Industrial City

• Most poor workers struggled to survive in urban
  slums

Homeless Orphans
Londons Poor
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II. The Factory System

• The heart of the industrial city was the factory,
  which imposed a harsh new way of life on workers

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II. The Factory System

• Workers faced a rigid, unvarying schedule,
  working up to 16 hours a day and exposed to
  constant danger

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II. The Factory System

• Many employers hired women - they were easier to
  manage could be paid less than men

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II. The Factory System

• Factories and mines hired boys and girls as young
  as 5 years old, or used orphans as a source of
  labor

Child "hurriers" working in a mine
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II. The Factory System

• Child labor was accepted by society children
  had worked on farms and now provided money for
  the family

Children working as coal miners in Pennsylvania,
1911
Child labor in a mill
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II. The Factory System
Some children were killed or crippled others
were stunted in growth or had twisted limbs
Cripples in the yard of Londons children's home
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II. The Factory System
1830s and 1840s - Parliament passed laws to
regulate child labor in mines and factories
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III. The Working Class

• A. Protests - Some skilled workers resisted the
  loss of their jobs by smashing machines and
  burning factories the Luddites

The Luddites (1811-1816) Today the word 'Luddite'
is used to mock someone who dislikes new
technology like computers...
Machine-breakers or 'Luddites', 1812
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III. The Working Class

• Protests met harsh repression, workers were
  forbidden to organize, and strikes were outlawed

1839 Manchester protests
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III. The Working Class

• John Wesley founded the Methodist Church to
  rekindle hope among the working poor and to work
  for social reform

In 1729, Wesley went into residence at Oxford.
There he joined the Holy Club, a group of
students that included his brother Charles
Wesley. The club members adhered strictly and
methodically to religious practices, and were
thus derisively called Methodists by their
schoolmates.
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III. The Working Class

• The working-class found comfort in the new
  religion that promised forgiveness of sin and a
  better life to come

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IV. The New Middle Class

• Those who benefited most from the Industrial
  Revolution were the entrepreneurs who set it in
  motion

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IV. The New Middle Class

• Middle-class families lived in fine homes,
  dressed and ate well, and gained influence in
  Parliament

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IV. The New Middle Class

• The middle class valued hard work and "getting
  ahead

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IV. The New Middle Class

• They felt little sympathy for the poor, who they
  thought were responsible for their own misery

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V. Problems and Benefits

• Problems included low pay, dangerous working
  conditions, unemployment, and dismal living
  conditions

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V. Problems and Benefits

• Benefits included new laws to improve working
  conditions labor unions won the right to bargain
  with employers

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John Leech, Cheap Clothing, Punch Magazine (1845)