The Industrial Revolution

1
The Industrial Revolution

• Chapter 25

2
Overview

• When?
• 1700s 1800s (18th 19th centuries)
• Where?
• Started in Great Britain
• Spread around Europe, to the Americans, and
  eventually around the world
• What?
• Development of many industries that changed the
  way people lived

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Prior to the Revolution

• Most people were farmers
• 1 in 3 babies died in their first year
• Life expectancy was about 40 years
• Most people lived in rural villages
• Wealthy landowners rented land to farmers
• Land was shared by villagers, no fences
• Villages were self-sufficient (little travel)
• Most industry was done at home- Cottage Industry
• Coal mining, glass, iron, clothing
• Domestic system families hired out to do
  industry in homes

4
Agricultural Revolution

• Great Britain
• Enclosure system fenced off private land to
  make farming more efficient
• Advances
• New crop rotation systems
• Seed drill (Jethro Tull)
• Steel plow (John Deere)
• Agricultural production increases
• Freed up money for landowners to invest in other
  industries
• Allowed farmers that didnt have land to work in
  factories

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Revolution begins in Great Britain

• Money
• Capital to invest in labor, machines, raw
  materials
• 1700s saw a rise in British wealth for
  landowners and the middle class
• Natural Resources
• Water transporting goods and power factories
• Large supply of iron and coal
• Large empire
• Labor Supply
• Population went from 5 million in 1700 to 9
  million in 1800
• Need for less farmers meant a transition to
  factory work
• Stable political economic system

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Textiles

• Advances in Machinery
• Flying Shuttle (John Kay)
• Spinning Jenny (James Hargreaves)
• Water Frame (Richard Arkwright)
• Spinning Mule (Samuel Crompton)
• Power Loom (Edmond Cartwright)
• Cotton Gin (Eli Whitney)
• Factory System
• Centralized production at a source of power
  (usually water)

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Cotton Gin
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Industrial Advances

• Steam Engine (James Watt)
• Bessemer Process (Henry Bessemer)
• More easily made steel from iron
• Steel is lighter, more flexible, and stronger
  than iron
• Paved roads and canals allowed goods to move
  easier
• Steam locomotives created- The Rocket
• Robert Fultons steamboat

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Steam Engine
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Bessemer Process
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Steam Locomotive
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Robert Fultons steamboat
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Spread of Industry

• Great Britain
• Led the world, made it illegal to transport
  machinery outside the country eventually
  supports spread ()
• Germany
• Quickly industrializes and helped by the
  unification in 1871
• United States
• Samuel Slater sneaks textile technology to the
  U.S.
• By 1870, Northeastern U.S. was as industrial as
  Great Britain
• France
• Slow to industrialize at first (Napoleon helped
  and hurt), but developed more during the late
  1800s

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Growth of Big Business

• Capitalism
• Free enterprise system individuals own
  production, not the government
• Mass Production
• Interchangeable parts, division of labor,
  assembly line
• Organizing business
• Entrepreneur someone who starts a business
• Partnership two or more entrepreneurs
• Corporation business owned by stockholders who
  vote on major decisions
• Business Cycle
• Boom and bust periods of the economy

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Industry leads to Inventions

• Telegraph (Samuel Morse 1836)
• Telephone (Alexander Graham Bell 1876)
• Wireless telegraph Radio (Guglielmo Marconi
  1897)
• Light Bulb (Thomas Edison 1870s)
• Internal combustion engine (Rudolf Diesel
  1880s)
• Automobile (1880s 1890s lots of people)
• Airplane (Wright brothers 1903)

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Telegraph
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Telephone
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Marconi Tesla
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Transportation
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Effects of the Industrial Revolution

• Chapter 25

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Population and Cities Expand

• European Population Growth
• 1750 140 million
• 1800 187 million
• 1850 266 million
• Cities
• London 1800 _at_ 1 million
• London 1850 _at_ 2.6 million
• Ireland
• Exception to the population increase
• Irish Potato Famine (1845 1851)
• Millions die of starvation or immigrate to the
  U.S. or Britain

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New Social Classes

• Industrial Middle Class (bourgeois)
• Included lawyers, doctors, teachers, government
  officials, bankers, and industrialists
• Industrial Working Class (proletariat)
• Industrial workers
• Worked 6 7 days a week for 12 16 hours
• Cotton Mills the worst, coal mining also very
  dangerous

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Women and Children

• Long hours for less pay than men
• Factory Act of 1833 (not enforced)
• Minimum age at 9
• 8 hours a day max for 9 to 13
• 12 hours a day max for 13 to 18
• Women
• Took place of children (50 of textile mill
  workers)
• Laws slowly begin to limit womens hours
• Women forced into working the home

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Coal Miners
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2nd Industrial Revolution

• Starting in the 1870s
• Steel, electricity, internal combustion engines
• Wages went up, production went up, prices went
  down
• Germany, England, France, Belgium, Northern Italy
  industrial, while the rest of Europe is largely
  agricultural

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Capitalism

• Adam Smith
• The Wealth of Nations (1776)
• Three Natural Laws of Economics
• The Law of Self-Interest
• The Law of Competition
• The Law of Supply and Demand
• Laissez-faire
• Governments tended to let industry and business
  act under their own rules

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Socialism

• Started as utopian idea of cooperation in
  industry, not competition
• Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels
• The Communist Manifesto (1848)
• Blamed industrial capitalism on poor workers and
  poor working conditions
• Struggle of classes between bourgeoisie and
  proletariat
• Predicted violent revolution where proletariat
  would overthrow the bourgeoisie
• Communism complete world socialism

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Socialism (cont.)

• Marx believed in a classless society
• German Social Democratic Party
• Political party trying for workers rights
• Took majority of power in Germany in 1912
• Divisions in Socialism
• International socialists (one world country) vs.
  Nationalism socialists (each country on their
  own)
• Revisionists rejected revolutionary ideas, use
  democratic means for change

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Labor Unions

• 1870 workers gained right to strike in Great
  Britain
• Trade unions developed to organize workers
• Collective bargaining work together to get
  benefits for everyone
• Strike- Organized work stoppage
• Grew quickly in size and political power in some
  countries
• Spread to Germany and other industrial countries
  (i.e. the United States)