From The Civil War

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From The Civil War To The New South The Era
of Jim Crow
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I. Background The U.S. Civil War

• An Overview
• A1. The Civil War (1861-65) was a social and
  military conflict between the United States of
  America in
• the North and the Confederate States of American
  in the South. A2. A result of long developing
  tensions between the North and South, the war had
  two immediate triggers the 1860 election of
  Abraham Lincoln, the first Republican president,
  and the resulting secession of seven Southern
  states by February 1861. A3. Combat began on 12
  April 1861 at Fort Sumter in Charleston, South
  Carolina, and quickly intensified as four more
  states joined the Confederacy. A4. Although
  many Confederate and Unionist leaders believed
  the war would be short, it dragged on until 26
  May 1865, when the last major Confederate army
  surrendered. A5. More than 620,000 people died
  as a result of the conflict, and property damage
  was estimated at 5 billion. In the end, the
  victory of the United States meant the
  preservation of the Union and the abolition of
  slavery with the 13th Amendment (1865).

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I. Background The U.S. Civil War

B. A Nation Divided B1. The War divided the
country like no other conflict in U.S.
History. B2. To this day, the war goes by many
different names depending on ones point of view
the Civil War, the War Between the States, the
War of Northern Aggression, the Brothers War.
B3. Senator John J. Crittendon of Kentucky had
two sons who became major generals during the
Civil War one for the North, one for the South.
B2. Missouri sent 39 regiments to fight in the
siege of Vicksburg 17 to the Confederacy and 22
to the Union. See Ken Burns, The
Civil War
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I. Background The U.S. Civil War

C. Mobilization C1. More than three million men
fought in the war. C2. By 1864, when Ulysses S.
Grant was promoted to Lieutenant General, the
United States had amassed a terrible Army of more
than 533,000 men -- the largest military force in
the world. C3. By the end of the war, the
Confederate states had enlisted more than 750,000
fighting men. See Ken Burns, The Civil War
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I. Background The U.S. Civil War

D. African Americans Fight D1. African Americans
constituted less than one percent of the northern
population, yet by the wars end made up ten
percent of the Union Army. D2. A total of
180,000 black men, more than 85 of those
eligible, enlisted. See Ken
Burns, The Civil War
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I. Background The U.S. Civil War

E. Casualties of War E1. In two days at Shiloh,
on the banks of the Tennessee River, more
Americans fell than in all previous American wars
combined.E2. At Antietam, 12,401 Union men were
killed, missing, or wounded double the
casualties of D-Day. E3. With a total of 23,000
casualties on both sides, Antietam was the
bloodiest single day of the Civil War.E4. More
than 620,000died during the war. See Ken
Burns, The Civil War
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I. Background The U.S. Civil War

F. One of the Horrors of War F1. Andersonville
Prison in southwest Georgia held 33,000 prisoners
in 1864, making it the fifth largest city in the
Confederacy. F2. Operating for 14 months
between 1864 and 1865, 45,613 Union prisoners
passed through its gates. F3. Almost 13,000 of
the 45,000 prisoners died because of poor
sanitation, food, and medical care. See Ken
Burns, The Civil War
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I. Background The U.S. Civil War

G. Destruction I View of Ruins as seen from the
Circular Church Charleston, South Carolina,
1865
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I. Background The U.S. Civil War

H. Destruction II Ruins in Front of the
CapitolRichmond, VA, 1865 Capital of
Virginia Capital of Confederacy
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I. Background The U.S. Civil War

I. Destruction III The Potter House Atlanta
GA, 1864 Let me tell you what is coming. After
the sacrifice of countless millions of treasure
and hundreds of thousands of lives you may win
Southern independence, but I doubt it. The North
is determined to preserve this Union. They are
not a fiery, impulsive people as you are, for
they live in colder climates. But when they begin
to move in a given direction, they move with the
steady momentum and perseverance of a mighty
avalanche. Gov. Sam Houston Texas
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I. Background The U.S. Civil War

J. Signs of the Wars Impact J1. On July 4,
1863, after 48 days of siege, Confederate General
John C. Pemberton surrendered the city of
Vicksburg to Ulysses S. Grant. The Fourth of July
was not celebrated in Vicksburg for another 81
years.J2. Hiram Revels of Mississippi became
the first black man ever elected to the U.S.
Senate. He filled the seat last held by Jefferson
Davis. See Ken Burns, The Civil War
Hiram Revels
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II. After the War Reconstruction,
1865-77

• The Three Plans
• A1. Lincolns 10 Plan, 1863-65
• A2. Andrew Johnsons Plan, 1865-66
• A3. Congressional Reconstruction, 1867-1877

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II. After the War Reconstruction,
1865-77

B. Lincolns 10 Plan, 1863-65 B1. State could
rejoin Union when 10 of its voters (1860) took
an oath of allegiance B2. Pledge support to
Constitution and Union B3. Swear support for
laws and proclamations concerning emancipation
B4. Military and political leaders of the
Confederacy were barred from participating
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II. After the War Reconstruction,
1865-77

C. Lincolns Plan Meets Opposition C1. CONGRESS
-- Wade Davis Bill (1864) C2. Majority of a
each seceded states white men must take an
oath of loyalty to the Constitution and guarantee
black equality. C3. Seen as more forceful with
South. C4. Lincoln pocket-vetoed
Benjamin Wade
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II. After the War Reconstruction,
1865-77

D. President Lincoln Assassinated On April 14,
1865, as President Lincoln watched a performance
of "Our American Cousin" at Ford's Theater in
Washington, D.C., he was shot by John Wilkes
Booth, an actor from Maryland obsessed with
avenging the Confederate defeat. Lincoln died
the next morning.
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II. After the War Reconstruction,
1865-77

E. Andrew Johnsons Becomes the new U.S.
President E1. Johnson was appointed Unionist
Governor of Tennessee in 1862, while many people
were still fighting against the North. E2.
Johnson, a Southern Democrat loyal to the Union,
ran as Abraham Lincoln's vice presidential
candidate in 1864 and took over as seventeenth
President of the United States in 1865 when
Lincoln was assassinated.
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II. After the War Reconstruction,
1865-77

F. Johnsons Work - May to Dec 1865 F1. Johnson
carried out Lincoln's Reconstruction program with
minor modifications. F2. By presidential
proclamation he appointed a Unionist governor for
each seceded state F3. The Governors called
Constitutional Conventions -- loyal voters
elected and made up delegates
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II. After the War Reconstruction,
1865-77

F. Johnsons Work - May to Dec 1865 F4.
Conventions set to A. Invalidate all
secession laws B. Recognize all Congressional
laws passed since 1860C. Recognize the 13th
AmendmentD. Repudiate all wartime debtsE.
Constitutions must be approved by Congress F5.
By Dec 1865 everything is done All Southern
states but Texas had met Johnsons
requirements. F6. 13th Amendment ratified, 29 of
36 states (Dec 1865)
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II. After the War Reconstruction,
1865-77

G. Problems with Johnsons Work G1. Congress
Felt Left Out G2. Too many Confederates in
PoliticsA. Of 80 Southerners elected to US
Congress, half had been prominent Confederate
officials B. 10 Confederate Generals electedC.
9 former Confederate CongressmenD. Alexander
Stephens, VP of the Confederacy. G3. Creation of
Black Codes in South
Alexander Stephens
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II. After the War Reconstruction,
1865-77

H. Congressional Reconstruction H1. Freedmens
Bureau Bill March 1865 originally Extended Feb
1866 (vetoed), overridden July 1866 H2. Civil
Rights Act 1866 over veto H3. Military
Reconstruction Act (1867) H4. 14th Amendment
(1868) H5. Impeachment of Andrew Johnson
(1868) H6. 15th Amendment (1870)
Thaddeus Stevens
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II. After the War Reconstruction,
1865-77

H. Congressional Reconstruction I H1. Freedmens
Bureau Bill March 1865 originally Extended Feb
1866 (vetoed), overridden July 1866 a. Social
Services -- establish schools and churches.
b. Justice -- monitored civil authorities in
cases involving Blacks c. Labor/Contracts --
negotiated contracts for labor/property. d.
Family Services -- clearinghouse of information
on lost relativesOn April 14, 1866, Thomas Nast
drew a cartoon of "The Grand Masquerade Ball"
featuring sketches of the celebrities of the
day. Andrew Johnson is pictured kicking out the
Freedmens Bureau with his veto, with scattered
black people coming out of it.
Charles Sumner
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II. After the War Reconstruction,
1865-77

• H. Congressional Reconstruction II
• H2. Civil Rights Act 1866 over veto
• All persons born in the United States now
  citizens, without regard to race, color, or
  previous condition.
• b. As citizens they could make and enforce
  contracts, sue and be sued, give evidence in
  court, and inherit, purchase, lease, sell, hold,
  and convey real and personal property.
• c. Persons who denied these rights to former
  slaves were guilty of a misdemeanor and upon
  conviction faced a fine not exceeding 1,000, or
  imprisonment not exceeding one year.

Charles Sumner
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II. After the War Reconstruction,
1865-77

H. Congressional Reconstruction III H3. Military
Reconstruction Act (1867) a. Restructure South,
take control from planters b. Ex-Confederate
states were divided into 5 military districts c.
Military Governors are to call Constitutional
Conventions d. All adult males, regardless of
color, were to vote for delegates, if they had
not been Confederates. e. State Constitutions
must accept 13th 14th Amendments. f. Congress
passes (March 1867) g. Johnson vetoed, yet
overridden h. States readmitted once they had a
new constitution and accepted (not ratified) the
13th and 14th Amendments.
Benjamin Butler
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II. After the War Reconstruction,
1865-77
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II. After the War Reconstruction,
1865-77

H. Congressional Reconstruction IV H4. 14th
Amendment (1868) a. Gave citizenship to former
slaves. b. Says that states shall not deprive
any person of life, liberty, or property, without
due process of law. c. Says that states shall
not deny any person the equal protection of the
law.
John Bingham drafted the 14th Amendment
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II. After the War Reconstruction,
1865-77

H. Congressional Reconstruction V H5.
Impeachment of Andrew Johnson (1868) a. Johnson
unpopular with Republicans and Democrats b. He
often vetoed Congressional bills Freedmans
Bureau Bill Civil Rights Act of 1866 c. 11
charges of impeachment brought against Johnson 10
- Tenure of Office Act, 1 Undermining
Congress d. 35 senators voted to convict and 19
voted to acquit, one vote short of the two-thirds
majority required to remove.
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II. After the War Reconstruction,
1865-77

H. Congressional Reconstruction VI H6. 15th
Amendment (1870) a. The right of citizens of the
United States to vote shall not be denied or
abridged by the United  States or by any State on
account of race, color, or previous condition of
servitude. b. Ratified by twenty-nine of
thirty-seven states. c. Obviously, then, the
states of the old Confederacy did not support the
idea of black suffrage.
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II. After the War Reconstruction,
1865-77

I. Reconstruction Republican Rule of the
Southern States I1. Three way coalition of
Republicans scalawags, carpetbaggers, and
freedmen. I2. U.S. Military in the South
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II. After the War Reconstruction,
1865-77

J. Terror The Ku Klux Klan I J1. The Ku
Klux Klan was formed in Tennessee in 1866. J2.
The organization was founded by veterans of the
Confederate Army, its resisted Congressional
Reconstruction. J2. It used violent methods
including lynching to terrorize Republican
voters in 1868.
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II. After the War Reconstruction,
1865-77

J. Terror The Ku Klux Klan II
"Klan Warning" Independent Monitor, September
1868.Alabama Department of Archives History
The Klan's threats of violence terrorized black
and white Republicans. This cartoon sent a
threat to a carpetbagger from Ohio, the Rev. A.
S. Lakin, who had just been elected president of
the University of Alabama, and Dr. N. B. Cloud, a
scalawag serving as Superintendent of Public
Instruction of Alabama. The Klan succeeded in
driving both men from their positions.
http//www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/reconstructio
n/section5/section5_10.html
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II. After the War Reconstruction,
1865-77

• K. The End of Reconstruction
• 1. Election of 1876
• Rutherford B. Hayes (R) vs. Samuel J. Tilden (D)
• 185 electoral votes needed to win
• Tilden 184 with 3 states left
• 3 states with US troops -- LA, SC, FL -- two
  results
• 2. Compromise of 1877
• Democrats let Hayes win in return for withdrawing
  federal
• troops from LA, SC, FL
• 3. Freedmen of the South  sacrificed by
  Republicans.
• 4. Republican party died in the South.

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III. The Creation of Jim Crow The New
South, 1877-1914

A. Three Major Issues A1. Redemption The
Return of the Democrats A2. Race Relations in
the South, 1877-1914 A3. The New South Leaders
Fail to Industrialize
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III. The Creation of Jim Crow The New
South, 1877-1914

B. Redemption The Return of the Democrats 1.
Reconstruction Republican control of the South
through three-way coalition of freedmen,
scalawags, carpetbaggers 2. Freedmen provided
bulk of the Republicans strength 3. 2000
African Americans held public office 4. .
African Americans represented at every level of
gov. 5. Two blacks from Miss. elected to the
US Senate. Since Reconstruction only two blacks
have served in the Senate Edward W. Brooke and
Carol Moseley Braun.
Blanche Bruce, served with Hiram Revels as one of
the first two African American Senators.
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III. The Creation of Jim Crow The New
South, 1877-1914

B. Redemption The Return of the Democrats 6.
Pinckney B.S. Pinchback of Louisiana served as
the nations first black governor (1872-73). 7.
It was not until 1989 that L. Douglas Wilder of
Virginia became the second black governor. 8.
700 blacks sat in state legislatures during
Reconstruction. 9. Scores of African Americans
held local offices, ranging from justice of the
peace to sheriff, tax assessor, and policeman.
Pinckney B.S. Pinchback
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III. The Creation of Jim Crow The New
South, 1877-1914

B. Redemption The Return of the Democrats
10. Republican coalition torn apart by the
Democrats after Compromise of 1877. 11. To
separate black republicans from carpetbaggers and
scalawags the Democrats used A. racism B.
disenfranchisement C. underground terror
A Reign of Midnight Terror
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III. The Creation of Jim Crow The New
South, 1877-1914

B. Redemption The Return of the Democrats
12. Racist Democrats used African Americans as a
scapegoat for the failures of the South. 13.
The Democrats racist argument was aided by the
poor economic conditions that existed in the
South during Reconstruction. 14. Since the
scalawags were from the upcountry and had little
contact with African Americans, they bought the
Democratic racist propaganda.
Racist image from A Birth of a Nation (1915)
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(No Transcript)
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III. The Creation of Jim Crow The New
South, 1877-1914

B. Redemption The Return of the Democrats
15. Democrats also used Disfranchisement 16.
Two major methods poll tax literacy
test 17. Democrats exempted some
peopleGrandfather Clause Fighting Grandfather
Clause 18. Still, two obstacles to
Disfranchisement 15th Amendment Congress/
North
Racist image from A Birth of A Nation (1915)
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Scene from A Birth of A Nation (1915)
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III. The Creation of Jim Crow The New
South, 1877-1914

B. Redemption The Return of the Democrats
19. The letter/spirit of the 15th Amendment 20.
Immigration and Northern Voting Prove
advantageous to Southern Democrats 21. Stats
LA 1896 - 130,000 black voters registered.
1900 there were 5,320. AL 1900 - 121,159
literate blacks over 21, but only 3,742
registered to vote
Supreme Court, 1896
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III. The Creation of Jim Crow The New
South, 1877-1914

C. Race Relations in the South, 1877-1914
1. Segregation 2. Civil Rights Cases 1883 3.
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
Homer Plessy
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III. The Creation of Jim Crow The New
South, 1877-1914

C. Race Relations in the South, 1877-1914
4. Capitulation to Extreme Racism
Racist postcard of the Era
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III. The Creation of Jim Crow The New
South, 1877-1914

C. Race Relations in the South, 1877-1914
5. Booker T. Washington 6. W.E.B. Du Bois
Booker T. Washington