Population and Urbanization Chapter 13

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Population and UrbanizationChapter 13

• By
• Dr. John Brenner

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Population

• Sociologist study population to consider the
  rates at which people are born, die and move in
  and out of countries
• They examine social factors that influence the
  population rate changes

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India

• Second largest population in the world1.03
  billion
• 17 of the worlds population on only 2.4 of the
  worlds land mass
• About 1/3 the size of the U.S.
• First in the world to adopt family planning
  programs in 1950s
• 1/3 (343 million) of the people are hungry

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India

• Indias population is 1.08 billion, Chinas
  population is 1.31 billion
• USA is the third largest population at 295.7
  million people
• Indias population will double in 43.8 years
• USA is only 4.6 of total world population
  emitting 24 of the carbon monoxidegreenhouse
  gases

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Population

• Demography-sociologist that focus on the study of
  human populations especially size and rate of
  growth
• Birth Rateannual number of births per every
  1,000 people in an area
• 2004India at 22.94 USA at 14.01
• Age-specific birth ratesrate for a specific
  group like women 15-54
• India76.5 USA is 42.2 per 1,000

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Population

• Total fertility rate-average number of children
  that women in a specific population will bear in
  a lifetime
• Indiaaverage women bears 2.91 children
• United States2.07 children
• Consider that a woman has the potential to bear
  20-25 children in her lifetime
• Sociologist want to know what factors make the
  child bearing different in different populations

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Population

• Crude death ratesannual number of deaths per
  every 1,000 people in a given population
• Rate is 8.49 for both India and 8.44 for the
  United States
• Infant mortality ratedeath rate among children
  one year old or younger
• United States rate is 7 and India 60 per 1,000

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Population

• Population pyramidseries of horizontal bar
  graphs representing a different five year cohort
  (people who share a common characteristic like
  agethose born in a 5 year period)
• Pyramids let us view relative sizes of the age
  cohorts of men and women in comparison to each
  other

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Population

• Expansive pyramidstriangular, broadest at base
  and gets smaller as it goes upincreasing
  population with mostly young
• Constrictivenarrower at base than in the
  middlemore middle-aged and older
• Stationaryall cohorts are relatively the same
  size, found in wealthy countries

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Population

• India and China account for 32.7 of the people
  born between 1990-2000
• 52 of the Indian population consist of men and
  women of childbearing ages
• India and U.S. have death rate of 8.5/1000
• 12.4 of U.S. population is over 65, only 4.8 in
  India
• Survival rates are not equal in these two
  countries

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Population

• Migrationmovement of people from one residence
  to another
• Migration ratedifference between the number
  entering and leaving an area
• Push factorsconditions causing people to leave
  (discrimination, unemployment, natural disasters)
• Pull factorsconditions encouraging people to
  come to an area (jobs, climate, tolerance)

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Population

• Emigrationdeparture from a country
• Immigrationentrance of individuals to a new
  country
• Three major international migration
• European exodus to colonize the world
• Asians to East Africa, U.S. and Brazil
• Force movement to 11 million Africans to slavery

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Population

• Internal migrationmovement of people within a
  country
• U.S. has high rates of thiseach year 43.4
  million move
• In-migrationmovement into an area
• Out-migrationmovement out of an area
• Much of migration is rural-urban and much of it
  is movement a short distance

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Population

• Populations constantly change due to births,
  deaths, and migrations
• Natural increasenumber of births minus deaths in
  a year
• Rate of natural increasenatural increase divided
  by the size of a population at the beginning of a
  year
• Doubling timenumber of years needed to double
  the population size

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Demographic Transition

• A theory stating that a countrys birth and death
  rates are linked to its level of industrial and
  economic development
• This model presented here offers general
  characteristics
• It has three stages

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Demographic Transition

• Stage One
• High birth and death rates
• Mortality crisesfrequent fluctuations in death
  rate due to war, famine, and epidemics (called
  positive checks by Malthus)
• Life is short and brutallife expectancy is 20 to
  35 with women, and children under 5 most
  vulnerable
• Living in the time of the Black Plague
• Women have an average of 7 live births to ensure
  that two of them will live to adulthood

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Demographic Transition

• Stage two
• Transition stagedeath rate declines due to 1.
  increases in food supply
• 2. Public health and sanitation increaseuse of
  cotton clothing and new ways to prepare food
• Change is not due to medical technology advances
• Demographic gapdeath rates decline and birth
  rates stay highpopulation increases
• Urbanizationincreases in the number of cities
• Around 1880 fertility declines as less of need
  for many children and the children have a greater
  chance of surviving to adulthood and the change
  in status of women

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Demographic Transition

• Stage 3
• After 1930, birth and death rates decline and
  population growth slowed
• Life expectancy at birth increases to 70
• Reduced infant, childhood and maternal mortality
• Now accidents, suicide, and homicides become the
  leading cause of death among young people
• For the first time in history people 50 and older
  account for 70 of the annual deaths
• Japan, and all the countries of North America and
  Western Europe are in this category

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Industrialization

• Definitions of countries industrial situation is
  difficult
• Developed/developingwill be called
  Labor-intensive counties
• First World/Third Worldwill be called Core
  economies
• Each of these groups would have different
  doubling time, infant mortality, total fertility,
  per capita income, percentage of the population
  engaged in farming and annual energy consumption

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Demographic Transition in India

• India was for a long time a colony of the British
  who came there for raw materials, labor and a
  market for goods
• Multinational corporations serve much the same
  function as the East India Company did in the
  past
• Demographic transition is different in India

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Demographic Transition in India

• Factors causing declines in total fertility
• 1. less than 50 of labor force works in
  agriculture
• 2. at least 50 of 5-19 year olds are in school
• 3. Life expectancy is at least 60
• 4. Infant mortality rate is less than 65/1000
• 5. 80 of females 15-91 are not married
• India has met the school and infant mortality
  condition
• 1.70 are employed in agriculture
• 2. 60 of women, 81 men are in school
• 3. life expectancy is 55
• 4.infant mortality 51.4/1000
• 5. almost all women are married by 19

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Demographic Transition in India

• The birth rates vary throughout the country
• 1975-77Prime Minister Indira Gandhi
• Promoted sterilizations and vasectomies
• And offered incentives to people
• This shows that increasing female education and
  status lower birth and fertility rates
• India has used family planning to reduce birth
  and fertility rates

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Demographic Transition in India

• In India the death rate started to drop in 1920
• Medical advancements, agricultural practices and
  mass inoculations
• Demographic trap
• Population growth overwhelms the environments
  carrying capacity
• The concern that the population growth is so
  large that people are left without food

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Demographic Transition in India

• United Nations Food Programme (WFP)
• States it is not the lack of food but the lack of
  access to food that makes people hungry
• The Green Revolution was to use chemicals to make
  fertilizer to increase yields
• Short term gains but for wealthy farmers
• Displaced the poor farmers
• Use insecticides to kill insects then people cut
  down the trees causing floods for people in
  Bangladesh

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Demographic Transition in India

• Externality costscosts not figured into the
  price of a product but they a price that is paid
  non the less
• In Bangladesh the removal of the trees allowed
  for short term financial gain
• When the monsoon rains came terrible floods
  killed people
• In 199831 million were homeless and 918 dead
• Costs also include clean-ups of the environment

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Demographic Transition in India

• Urbanization encompasses
• 1. process where populations become
  concentrated in urban areas
• 2. changes in land use, social interaction,
  economic activity and landscape
• Indian villages contain fewer than 5,000 people

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Demographic Transition in India

• Mega Cities
• Cities that have 10 million people
• There 19 of these in the world
• New York and Los Angeles
• Bombay, Calcutta and Delhi
• 8 (492m) of the world live in this type of city
• Urban Agglomerations
• 20 of population live in 413 of these cities
• A central city and neighboring cities together
• Approximately, 1/3 of the worlds population
  lives in an urban agglomeration

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Demographic Transition in India

• Rate of urbanization in labor intensive countries
  is due to
• In Europe the population growth was able to
  emigrate to North or South America or other
  places
• In India the migrants to the city are coming to
  the city as they are forced off the land due to
  poor economic and environmental problems
• Come to the city with no where to live and few
  jobs
• No alternatives leads to disasters like the
  squatters around the plant in Bhopal
• 2,500 people were immediately killed due to a
  chemical leak

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Urban Vs Non-urban In U.S.

• Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs)
• Include one or more cities with at least 50,000
  people surrounded by densely populated
  counties261 in U.S.
• Central City--Largest city in MSA
• Suburb--An urban area outside the political
  bounds of the city
• Non-metropolitan-- geographical areas beyond the
  political bounds of the city

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Urban Vs Non-urban In U.S.

• U. S. Conference of Mayors wants community
  leaders and public to view cities and suburbs as
  socially and economically interdependent
• Largest 7 metropolitan areas in U.S. are among
  the worlds 30 largest economies
• Metro-New York is just behind South Korea in
  economy size and ranks higher than Australia, the
  Netherlands, Taiwan and Russia

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Urban Vs Non-urban In U.S.

• Regions classified as nonmetropolitan are equally
  as diverse as urban areas
• Many view rural regions as insular, low crime
  rates, strong social connections, little
  employment opportunities, distrust of outsiders,
  high poverty, low literacy and few services
• Some rural areas revolve around a single factory
  or university
• The most noticeable housing characteristic here
  is the 16.6 (1 in 6) mobile homes

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