Urbanization

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Urbanization
10
CHAPTER
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Growing Pains in Portland, Oregon

• Senate Bill 100 sets guidelines for land use in
  Oregon, restricting development to urban areas
  and leaving open areas largely untouched.
• In recent years, further measures have challenged
  Senate Bill 100, arguing that it restricts
  landowners from increasing the value of their
  property through development.

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Lesson 10.1 Land Use and Urbanization

• For the first time in history, there are now more
  urban residents than rural residents.

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Land Cover and Land Use
Lesson 10.1 Land Use and Urbanization

• Land cover Vegetation and structures that cover
  land.
• Land use Human activities that occur on land
• Humans change land cover, especially in urban
  areas. These changes have environmental and
  economic effects.

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Urban and Rural Areas
Lesson 10.1 Land Use and Urbanization

• Rural Any other type of land use or land cover
  (includes forests, cropland, etc.)

• Urban Land mostly covered with buildings and
  roads (includes suburbs)

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Urbanization
Lesson 10.1 Land Use and Urbanization

• Occurs when people move from rural areas to
  cities
• Cities are not new, but the enormous size of
  todays cities is. More than 20 cities have at
  least 10 million residents.

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The Rise of Cities

Lesson 10.1 Land Use and Urbanization

• Factors that contribute to the rise of
  urbanization include population growth and
  industrialization.
• Most cities are located near a transportation
  route such as a large body of water, railroad, or
  highway.

Chicagos location on Lake Michigan helped it
grow into a large and prosperous city.
Did You Know? Since 1950, the worlds urban
population has more than quadrupled. According to
U.N. projections, it will double again by 2050.
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Environmental Costs of Urbanization
Lesson 10.1 Land Use and Urbanization

• Pollution Increased waste, industrial
  byproducts, noise pollution, light pollution
• Heat islands Cities, several degrees warmer
  than surrounding areas, affect local weather
  and trap pollutants.
• Imported resources Fossilfuels are burned to
  import food, water, fuel, and raw materials.

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Environmental Benefits of Urbanization
Lesson 10.1 Land Use and Urbanization

• Efficiency Less fuel and resources needed to
  distribute goods and services to residents
• Universities and research centers Urban areas
  tend to foster education and innovation.
• Land Preservation Dense urban centers leave room
  for agriculture, wilderness, biodiversity, and
  privacy.

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Lesson 10.2 Sprawl

• In 1950, 65 of the U.S. population lived in
  urban (including suburban) areas, while 35 lived
  rurally. In 2010, 89 was urban and only 11
  rural.

Los Angeles, CA, is one the most sprawling U.S.
cities.
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What Is Sprawl?
Lesson 10.2 Sprawl

• The spread of low-density urban or suburban
  development outward from a dense urban core
• Often, growth of suburban areas outpaces
  population growth because suburbs allow more
  space per person than cities.

Las Vegas, NevadaLeft 1972Right 2002
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Primary Contributors to Sprawl
Lesson 10.2 Sprawl

• Population growth
• Increased per capita land consumption
• On average, these two factors are equally
  important, but one may be more important than
  another in a specific city.

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Patterns of Sprawl
Lesson 10.2 Sprawl

• Uncentered commercial strip development
• Low-density single-use residential development
• Scattered, or leapfrog, development
• Sparse street network

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Impacts of Sprawl
Lesson 10.2 Sprawl

• Transportation Little to no public
  transportation
• Pollution Increased driving leads to pollution.
• Public health May promote inactivity, and by
  extension obesity and high blood pressure
• Land Use Less land left as open space, forests,
  and farms
• Economics Wealth tending to concentrate in
  suburbs, leaving urban areas poor

Did You Know? Every year, more than 1 million
hectares (2.5 million acres) of rural land are
converted to urban land in the United States.
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Lesson 10.3 Sustainable Cities

• More than 600 new urbanist communities are
  planned or in construction across North America.

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City Planning and Zoning
Lesson 10.3 Sustainable Cities

• City planners attempt to design cities that both
  work well and look and feel appealing.
• Zoning Classification of land areas for
  different types of development and land use
• An area can be mixed use or single use.
• Involves restrictions on the use of private
  land

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Urban Growth Boundaries (UGBs)
Lesson 10.3 Sustainable Cities

• A line drawn around a city to separate urban
  areas from rural areas, with limited permission
  for development
• Advantages Saves 20 in infrastructure costs
  compared with sprawl decreases per capita land
  use promotes economic development within the
  city
• Disadvantages Does not completely stop sprawl
  limits rights of private landowners

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Smart Growth
Lesson 10.3 Sustainable Cities

• Focuses on economic and environmental approaches
  to avoiding sprawl
• Builds up, not out
• Maintains open spaces by redeveloping existing
  urban areas, waterfronts, and industrial sites

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New Urbanism
Lesson 10.3 Sustainable Cities

• Seeks to design neighborhoods that minimize the
  need to drive
• Requires good public transportation systems
• Sometimes impossible due to zoning restrictions

Did You Know? A 2004 study found that residents
of sprawling areas were heavier on average for
their height, and had increased instances of high
blood pressure.
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Transportation Options
Lesson 10.3 Sustainable Cities

• Public transportation a key factor in the quality
  of urban life
• Buses, subways, trains more efficient, less
  polluting than cars
• Cities encourage mass transit with fuel taxes,
  vehicle taxes, rewarding carpoolers, and
  encouraging bicycle and bus use.

Did You Know? Paris, France removed 200,000
parking spaces to encourage the use of public
transportation within the city.
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Open Space
Lesson 10.3 Sustainable Cities

• Provides greenery, beauty, freedom of movement,
  recreation opportunities
• Includes parks, playgrounds, community gardens,
  greenways
• Regulates climate, produces oxygen, filters air
  and water, provides habitat

Did You Know? More than 24,000 km of abandoned
public rail line in the U.S. have been converted
to trails for walking, jogging, and biking.
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Green Building Design
Lesson 10.3 Sustainable Cities

• The goals of a green building are to save energy
  and resources without sacrificing peoples
  comfort.
• Ashland High School near Boston, Massachusetts is
  a sophisticated green building that saves the
  school system more than 75,000 a year in energy
  costs.

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Urban Sustainability Successes
Lesson 10.3 Sustainable Cities

• Curitiba, Brazil
• Efficient bus network
• Recycling and environmental education provided
• New York City
• Plan underway to reduce greenhouse gas emissions,
  improve public transit, plant trees, clean up
  polluted sites, and improve open space access

The tube at this Curitiba bus stop handles fare
collection for passengers boarding or exiting.